Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but
faces enemies on three sides:
Etruscans still a Latin tribes to the Hill tribes attack
threat in the N. South rebel vs. Rome attack from East
Etruscans
decline after
Grks beat them
Rome stays free
from Etruscans
Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league,
treating them more as allies than subjects
Latins are more loyal
& reliable allies
Rome able to expand vs. its enemies (FC.28)
Rome allies with
one tribe vs.
others
Rome defeats the
hill tribes
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Next big enemy?
Seen as gigantic barbarians (possibly from a higher protein diet), charging wildly, and oftentimes
naked, into battle with blood-curdling cries, the Gauls inspired terror in their civilized foes.
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Impact on the
Roman Army?
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to do what?
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
How did Rome
keep control of
its conquests?
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Two ways Rome
kept control of
its conquests?
The Gauls
-Man wanted to avenge wife’s
rape  Lures Gauls to It. w/wine
-More likely entered Italy as
Dion. of Syracuse’ merc's
- Negot's for Clusium
 Roman kills Gaul in duel
-Gauls sack Rome & besiege
Capitoline Hill for 7 months
- “Woe to the vanquished”
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
What did Rome
do to move
armies more
quickly?
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
The Roman way of war: roads and colonies. The Romans approached war strategically in ways
that went far beyond the battlefield. This especially involved roads and colonies. While the
Greeks saw colonies as ways of getting rid of excess population and gaining access to remote
resources, the Romans used them for increasing the number of citizens available for the army
and securing their hold on conquered lands. This was especially true during the Second Samnite
War (326-304 BCE). Here we see the Romans have founded colonies to secure their hold on
lands bordering the Samnites and serve as staging areas for future campaigns. They have also
placed three colonies inside Samnite territory to control strategic roads and passes and provide
early warnings of impending Samnite attacks.
Several years later, Rome has secured tentative control over the brown area by founding two
more colonies there. It has also further encroached on the remaining Samnite territory with two
more colonies to serve as advanced outposts for future campaigns.
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
Able to conquer
more lands
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Latin revolt (343-340 BCE)
 Latin league broken up
- Colonies in Campania: Cales,
Acerrae, Fregellae, Privernum
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
Environmental changes
-No primogeniture Split lands
 Avg. Roman farm 1.5-5 acres
 Soil exhaustion
 Graze sheep & goats on hills
 Deforest. Hotter & drier clim.
 Harvest moved fr. Aug June
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Pyrrhus of Epirus was a distant cousin of Alexander the Great. His ambition was to conquer an
empire in the West to rival that of the Macedonian king. He got his opportunity when Tarentum
offered to buy his services in their war against Rome.
Although the Romans lost their first battles
against Pyrrhus, they fought bravely and
inflicted enough casualties to make his
victories basically meaningless. Even today,
we refer to a victory won at great cost as
“pyrrhic”.
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Romans rule Italy through:
Colonies guard vs. revolt & Rewarding subjects with various grades of Roads that promote trade &
reward loyalty w/citizenship
citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome
prosperity during peace
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Romans rule Italy through:
Colonies guard vs. revolt & Rewarding subjects with various grades of Roads that promote trade &
reward loyalty w/citizenship
citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome
prosperity during peace
2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE)
- Roman phalanx trapped in mtn.
pass @ Caudine Forks
 Copy Samnite tactics
-Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword,
armor, helmet, & oblong shield
 Cross b/w hoplite & peltast
 More flexible formations
 Can move fresh troops to front
& adjust quickly to changes
 Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls
-Romans win 2nd Samnite War
 3rd Sam. War (295-290 BCE)
Pyrrhus of Epirus
- War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus
of Epirus to fight vs. Romans
- Ritual of declaring war
- Elephants incl. dwarf elephants
-Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth
the cost
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Romans rule Italy through:
Colonies guard vs. revolt & Rewarding subjects with various grades of Roads that promote trade &
reward loyalty w/citizenship
citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome
prosperity during peace
Pyrrhus of Epirus
- War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus
of Epirus to fight vs. Romans
- Ritual of declaring war
- Elephants incl. dwarf elephants
-Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth
the cost
Roman rule in Italy
Late300s-early 100s- Rome est.
53 colonies in Italy in areas
open to attack, newly conq.
areas, & @ strategic locations
(e.g.- river & road crossings)
- Latin colonies 2500-6k settlers
- Subject states not taxed, only
had to follow Rome in war.
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Romans rule Italy through:
Colonies guard vs. revolt & Rewarding subjects with various grades of Roads that promote trade &
reward loyalty w/citizenship
citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome
prosperity during peace
Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29)
2nd Samnite War (326-304 BCE)
- Roman phalanx trapped in mtn.
pass @ Caudine Forks
 Copy Samnite tactics
-Armed w/pilum (javelin), sword,
armor, helmet, & oblong shield
 Cross b/w hoplite & peltast
 More flexible formations
 Can move fresh troops to front
& adjust quickly to changes
 Vict's even for mediocre gen'ls
-Romans win 2nd Samnite War
 3rd Sam. War (295-290 BCE)
Pyrrhus of Epirus
- War w/Tarentum  Hire Pyrrhus
of Epirus to fight vs. Romans
- Ritual of declaring war
- Elephants incl. dwarf elephants
-Pyrrhic victory: victory not worth
the cost
FC.28 ROME’S CONQUEST OF ITALY (c.500-265 B.C.E.)
Rome establishes its indep. from Etruscans & neighboring hill tribes (FC.27)
Rome conquers Etruscan Veii w/o any help from Latins Rome dominates central Italy
Gauls sack Rome (387 BCE), but then return to N. Italy  Temporary
setback for Rome, but Romans have deep fear of N. barbarians
Rome recovers from Gallic disaster & resumes expansion (FC.28A)
Lands on which to
settle Roman poor
Rome founds
colonies to
control new
conquests
PATTERN OF
ROMAN
EXPANSION
Able to conquer
more lands
They can buy
arms & armor
Rome builds
roads to move
armies more
quickly
More soldiers for
Rome’s army
Rome crushes revolt by its Latin allies (343-340
BCE) & rules each Latin state separately
Rome conquers Samnites & Campania (304)
by adopting Samnites’ more flexible tactics
Rome beats Pyrrhus of Epirus’ Hellenistic
army (275 BCE) & conquers Greeks in S. Italy
Romans rule Italy through:
Colonies guard vs. revolt & Rewarding subjects with various grades of Roads that promote trade &
reward loyalty w/citizenship
citizenship as they show loyalty to Rome
prosperity during peace
Rome ready to expand into the Mediterranean (FC.29)
***