AMERICA IN THE COLD WAR &
CIVIL RIGHTS YEARS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT THE POST WAR YEARS AND
THE BIRTH OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS. AFRICAN AMERICANS
USED THE COURT TO END RACIAL SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
AND OTHER PUBLIC PLACES.
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE—PAGE 259
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1. WHY DID THE UNITED STATES AND SOVIET UNION ENTER INTO THE
COLD WAR?
2. WHY DID THE COLD WAR LAST SO LONG?
3.HOW DID CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS CHANGE AMERICAN SOCIETY?
THE COLD WAR – BEGINNING & END
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS
THE ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR
SOVIET COMMUNISM V. AMERICAN DEMOCRACY
THEY BOTH HAD DIFFERENT POLITICAL SYSETMS, ORGANIZATIONS,
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, RELIGION AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS .
JOSEPH STALIN WANTED A CLASSLESS SOCIETY THAT HELPED ALL
WORKERS BUT ACTUALLY ESTASBLISHED A BRUTAL DICTATORSHIP OVER
WHICH WAS ABSOLUTE CONTROL.
THE YALTA & POTSDAM CONFERENCES
• ESTABLISHED THE UNITED NATION-- 1945
THE COLD WAR BEGINS
AFTER THE WAR, THE SOVIET SAW A GROWING THREAT FROM
CAPITALIST GOVERNMENTS. STALIN WANTED TO INSURE THE SAFETY
OF THE SOVIET UNION AND GREATLY DISTRUSTED THE WEST. HE
DECIDED TO CREATE A WALL OF SATELITE COUNTRIES AS A BUFFER
AGAINST ANY FUTURE INVASIONS. THE UNITED STATES REFUSED TO
SHARE THE SECRETS BEHIND THE ATOMIC BOMB. LATER, AN IRON
CURTAIN FELL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, CLOSING IT OFF FROM THE
WEST. THIS LASTED FOR THE NEXT FORTY ( 40 ) YEARS.
SOVIET UNION SATELITES
THE ORGINS OF U. S. CONTAINMENT POLICY
AMERICANS LEADERS RESPONDED TO THE SOVIET UNION
DOMINATION OF EASTERN EUROPE BY DEVELOPING A POLICY FO
CONTAINMENT. UNDER THIS POLICY, THEY NOT ATTEMPT TO
OVERTURN COMMUNISM WHERE ALREADY EXISTED, BUT THEY
RESOLVED TO PREVENT IT FROM SPREADING FURTHER.
WHAT IS CONTAINMENT? HOW DO YOU FEEL AMERICA SHOULD HAVE
HANDLE THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THE BREAK AT THE POTSDAM
CONFERENCE?
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
THE MARSHALL PLAN, 1948
GEORGE C. MARSHALL PLAN, 1948, PROPOSED THAT MASSIVE AID BE
GIVEN TO THE COUNTRIES OF WAR-TORN EUROPE TO REBUILD THEIR
ECONOMIES.
WHY WAS THIS SO CRITICAL TO AMERICA?
THE MARSHALL PLAN WAS EXTREMELY
SUCCESSFUL RESTORING EUROPEAN’S
ECONOMIES AT UNPRECEDENTED RATE.
A DIVIDED GERMANY & THE BERLIN AIRLIFT
IN 1948, THE FRENCH, BRITISH AND AMERICANS DECIDED TO MERGE
THEIR ZONES OF OCCUPATION OF GERMANY INTO A SINGLE STATE.
WEST ( DEMOCRACY ) AND EAST ( COMMUNISM ) GERMANY
THE WESTERN ALLIES BEGAN A MASSIVE AIRLIFT TO FEED AND SUPPLY
THE CITY OF BERLIN. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS ALLIES HAD SHOWN
THAT THEY WOULD NOT RETREAT WHEN FACED WITH AGGRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR BY THE SOVIET UNION.
BERLIN AIRLIFT
THE FORMATION OF NATO & THE WARSAW
PACT
• IN RESPONSE TO THE COLD WAR TENSIONS, THE UNITED STATES,
CANADA, AND TEN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FORMED THE
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION IN 1949, NATO WAS BASED
ON THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY. A PLEDGE TO DEFEND
EVERY MEMBER IF ATTACKED. THE SOVIET UNION RESPOND BY
CREATING THE WARSAW PACT WITH ITS EASTERN EUROPE SATELITES
IN 1955.
COULD A 3RD WORLD WAR HAVE BROKEN OUT WITH WORLD
TENSION? WHY? WHY NOT?
MEMBERS OF NATO & THE WARSAW PACT
FRICTION BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN
ALTHOUGH AMERICANS LOUDLY CONDEMNED SOVIET ACTS OF FORCE,
BUT NEVER INTERVENED BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN. THE SOVIET
UNION INVADED CZECHOSOVAKIA IN 1968., BUT U.S. NEVER
INTERFERED
CONTAINMENT IN ASIA
JUST WHEN AMERICA BELIEVED THEIR CONTAINMENT POLICY HAD
CHECKED THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN EUROPE. THE WORLD’S
MOST POPULOUS NATION BECAME COMMUNIST IN ASIA. THIS RAISED
A NEW QUESTION:
COULD AMERICA CHECK COMMUNISM AROUND THE GLOBE? WHAT
OTHER SIMILAIR SITUATION TODAY AMERICA IS DEALING WITH
GLOBALLY?
RED CHINA & MAO ZEDONG
PART II. THE KOREAN WAR 1950-1953
KOREA, O FORMER JAPANESE COLONY, WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO ZONES
AFTER WWII; NORTH-COMMUNISM & SOUTH-NON COMMUNISM.
WHEN NORTH KOREA ATTACKED THE SOUTH, THEY WERE
UNMOTRIVATED TO DEFEND THEMSELVES. PRESIDENT TRUMAN
IMMEDIATELY OPPOSE SUCH AGGRESSION BASE ON THE NAZI. THE
UNITED STATES WON THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS APPROVAL TO USE
MILITARY FORCE.
THE TRUMAN-MacARTHUR CONTROVERSY
MACARTHUR COMMANDED U.N. FORCES AT INCHON. WITH THE
THREAT OF A LARGE AMEERICAN FORCE ON CHINA’S BORDER
BROUGHT A LARGE CHINESE ARMY INTO THE WAR, FORCING
MACARHUR TO RETREAT. MACARTRHUR WANTED TO LIBERATE CHINA
FROM COMMUNISM CONTROL, EVEN WITRH USE OF ATOMIC BOMBS.
THIS IDEA DID NOT SET WELL WITH PRESIDENT TRUMAN.
MACARTHUR CRITICIZED TRUMAN TO A CONGRESSMAN AND LEAKED
TO THE MEDIA. MACARTHUR WAS RELIEVED OD DUTY.
WHY WOULD THIS HAPPEN UNDER THE AMERICAN SYSTEM?
KOREA DMZ -- 38
THE WAR COMES TO AN END
IN 1952, DWIGHT EISENHOWER, FORMER COMMANDER OF ALLIED
FORCES DURING D-DAY, PROMISED TO END THE WAR IF ELECTED
PRESIDENT. “IKE”, HE WAS CALLED AND BECAME THE REPIBLICAN
PRESIDENT. AN ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES
ALONG WITH NORTH/SOUTH KOREA FOR A “ DEMILITARIZED ZONE”
AND RELEASE OF ALL PRISONERS. STILL TODAY BOTH COUNTRIES
STAND AT A FACE OFF OVER SIXTY YEARS LATER.
THE ARMS AND SPACE RACE
IN 1945, THE U.S. WAS SOLE ATOMIC POWER . HOWEVER, THE SOVIET
UNION HAD DEVELOPED ITS HYDROGEN BOMB DECLARING ITSELF AS A
SUPERPOWER. THIS STARTED AN ARMS RACE AND DETERRENT OF THE
UNITED STATES AND SOVIET UNION FROM ALL OUT WAR.
NUCLEAR WEAPON
THE SOVIETS LAUNCH SPUTNIK, 1957
DURING WWII, NAZI GERMAN SCIENTISTS HAD MADE GREAT STRIDES
IN BUILDING ROCKETS. EACH SUPERPOWER BEGAN ITS OWN MISSILE
PROGRAM. IN 1957, SOVIET UNION LAUNCHED THE FIRST MAN-MADE
SATELITE INTO SPACE. THE SPUTNIK WAS LITTLE MORE THAN THE SIZE
OF A BASKETBALL AND WEIGHED 184 POUNDS. IT ORBITED THE EARTH
ONCE EVERY 98 MINUTES WITH A RADIO TRANAMITTERS. THIS WAS
DECLARED THE START OF THE “SPACE RACE”. THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT STARTED NEW PROGRAMS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION AND
LAUNCHED ITS OWN FIRST SATELITE IN 1958.
THE SPUTNIK 1957
THE COLD WAR AT HOME
WITH THE COLD WAR GLOBALLY, CONGRESS DECIDED TO CONDUCT IT
OWN CHE.CKS AND BALANCES THROUGH ITS SPECIAL UN-AMERICAN
ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE. THIS COMMITTEE QUESTIONED EVERY FACET
OF THE AMEERICAN PEOPLE. THE JULIUS & ETHEL ROSENBERG WAS
ONE OF THE FIRST TRO BE CHARGED WITH SELLING NATIONAL
SECRETS. “The Venona Papers”
DOES THIS TYPE OF THING STILL HAPPEN TODAY? CITE AN EXAMPLE?
THE JOSEPH McCARTHY HEARINGS
THE FALL OF CHINA HIEGHTEN AMERICAN’S FEAR OF COMMUNISM.
SENATOR JOSEPH McCARTHY SHOCKED AMERICANS BY CLAIMING THAT
HE KNEW THE NAMES ODF HUNDREDS OF COMMUNIST WHO
INFILTRATED THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT. IT WAS LATER TERMED
“McCARTHYISM”
THE EISENHOWER PRESIDENCY, 1953-1960
FOREIGN POLICY- THE EISENHOWER DOCTRINE—MAINTAIN
CONTAINMENT OF THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM.
DOMESTIC POLICIES- INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT(1956), PRODUCE
BETTER HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR AMERICA AND THE WORLD. STILL THE
HIGH TENSION OF WAR KEPT DEFENSE SPENDING HIGH BUT SPREAD A
WAVE OF PROPERITY AND THE GROWTH OF THE MIDDLE CLASS.
WHO IS CONSIDERED MIDDLE CLASS TODAY?
III-EISENHOWER’S PRESIDENCY
THE HOUSING BOOM- THIS WAS A TIME OF HIGH BIRTH RATES,
KNOWN AS THE “BABY BOOM”. THIS BOOM AND THE G.I. BILL
SPURRED LARGE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND UBANIZATION DECLINED
DUE TO SUBURBS MOVEMENT. ECONOMIC PROSPERITY WAS IN GREAT
DEMAND CAUSING AMERICA TO DOMINATE WORLD TRADE. YET,
CONFORMITY PLAYED A ROLE WITH FEAR OF COMMUNISM.
ADVANCE IN MEDICINE
THE POST-WAR GAVE WAY TO MANY ADVANCES IN MEDICINE.
ANTIBIOTICS WERE FOUND TO TREAT INFECTIONS. IN 1953, JONAS
SALK DEVELOPED THE FIRS, HEARTT VACCINE FOR POLIO. IT WAS
TESTED ON HIMSELF AND FAMILY MEMBERS BEFORE GIVING IT TO THE
PUBLIC.
ADVANCES IN MEASLES VACCINE ,HEART TRANSPLANT AND
STRETOMYCIN TO TREAT TUBERCULOSIS.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BECAME MAJOR TURNING POINT FOR
AMERICAN SOCIETY. ITS SUCCESS LED TO LATER EFFORTS BY WOMEN,
OTHER ETHNIC MINORITIES, THE DISABLE, THE YONG, AND ITS OLD TO
OBTAIN EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, MAKING AMERICA THE OPEN AND
PLURALISTIC SOCIETY IT IS TODAY.
HAVE CIVIL RIGHTS ACHIEVED ITS 100% GOAL?
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
JACKIE ROBINISON, #42—FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN BASEBALL PLAYER
BROWN V. BOARD of EDUCATION-1954—SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC
SCHOOLS. THURGOOD MARSHALL WAS THE ATTORNEY FOR LINDA
BROWN AND LATER TO BECOME THE FIRST SUPREME COURT JUSTICE.
VOTING RIGHTS IN THE SOUTH WERE INCREASED.(1957)
THE LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, 1957(“LITTLE ROCK NINE”)
THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT, 1955-56
WHAT IS MEANT BY STATUS QUO?
THE CIVIL RIGHTS HIGHLIGHTS
THE CIVIL RIGHTS HIGHLIGHTS
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS
THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON, 1963
THE FAMOUS, “I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH” by DR. MARTIN L. KING
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 PROHIBITED DISCERIMINATION BASED
ON RACE, COLOR, RELIGION, OR ETHNIC ORGIN IN HOTELS,
RESTAURANTS AND ALL PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT DOING BUSINESS
WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OR ENGAGED IN INTERSTATE
COMMERCE. (EEOC)
THE ROAD TO EQUAL VOTING RIGHTS:
1. THE 24TH AMENDMENT- NO POLL TAXES
2. SELMA MARCHES, 1965
3. THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, 1965
PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON SIGNED AN EXECURTIVE ORDER
REQURING EMPLOYERS WITH FEDERAL CONTRACTS TO TAKE POSITIVE
STEPS TO RAISE THE NUMBER OF THEIR MINORITY EMPLOYEES. THE
PROGRAM INCREASED MINORITY REPRESENTATION IN ALL AMERICAN
FACETS. THE REGENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA v. BAKKE, NOT
THE USE OF RACIAL QUOTAS.
DOES RASIM STILL EXIT? BESIDE ATTITUDES, HOW CAN YOU TELL?
AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS
PASTOR BILLY GRAHAM
PASTOR BILLY GRAHAM
A GREAT SUPPORTER OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. HE BAILED
MLK OUT OF JAIL. ADVISED PRESIDENT EISENHOWER TO SEND TROOPS
TO HELP THE LITTLE ROCK NINE. HE ALSO ADDRESS LARGE CROWDS
BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN, CALLING FOR WORLD PEACE.