PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
1
Emotion
Chapter 13
2
Emotion
Theories of Emotion
Embodied Emotion
 Emotions and The Autonomic
Nervous System
 Physiological Similarities Among
Specific Emotions
 Physiological Differences Among
Specific Emotions
3
Emotion
Embodied Emotion
 Thinking Critically About: Lie
Detection
 Cognition And Emotion
Expressed Emotion
 Nonverbal Communication
 Detecting and Computing
Emotion
4
Emotion
Expressed Emotion
 Culture and Emotional
Expression
 The Effects of Facial Expression
Experienced Emotion
 Fear
 Anger
 Happiness
5
INTRODUCTION
• From When You Can Live Twice as Long, What
Will You Do? By Charles Platt
–
–
–
–
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Would you like never to be sad again?
Will the ultimate lie detector be a bane or a blessing?
Would you share another person’s total life experience?
How would you act if you felt the pain of others?
Do you want to measure your pleasure?
6
Emotion
Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
7
THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
OF AN EMOTION
• Transitory = set beginning and end; moods
last longer
• Valence = positive or negative
• Partly elicited by a cognitive appraisal of
how a situation relates to your goals
• Alters thought processes
• Elicits an action tendency
• Passion which happens to you
8
ACTIVITY
• Group A: hold a pencil or pen in your
mouth just behind the front teeth; keep your
lips apart, not touching the pen or pencil
• Group B: Hold a pencil or pen between the
upper lip and nose.
9
Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological
activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
10
Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow
your emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion
(feeling)?
11
Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts
beating faster. First comes conscious
awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
12
EMOTION GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER
• Fill in the names of the theories in the circles:
– J ames-Lange
– Cannon-Bard
– Two-Factor or Schacter-Singer
• Summarize the theory in a sentence in the first
rectangle
• Place key words and an example in the second
rectangle
13
James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl
Lange proposed an
idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
14
Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the JamesLange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
15
Cannon-Bard Theory
• The emotion-triggering stimulus is routed
simultaneously to the brain’s cortex,
causing the subjective awareness of
emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous
system, causing the body’s arousal
16
JAMES-LANGE
VS
CANNON-BARD
• James-Lange: To experience emotion you
must first perceive your body’s arousal
• Cannon- Bard: Emotions occur separately
from (though simultaneously with) the
body’s arousal.
17
Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
18
Schacter-Singer’s Two-Factor
Theory
• Emotions are physiologically similar
• Therefore, an emotional experience requires
a conscious interpretation of the arousal.
19
ARE YOU SURE YOU’RE IN/OUT
OF LOVE?
• Read the brief descriptions of behavior.
How would you explain these two scenarios
based on Schachter’s two-factor theory of
emotion?
• Can you think of other examples of
behavior that illustrate Schachter’s theory?
20
Example #1
You gather your courage; you make your
entrance; and, after some awkward
introductions; you find a comfortable corner
where you can sit and pretend to be
enjoying yourself. You are making polite
conversation with someone who doesn’t
quite interest you when, from the other side
of the room, a very attractive person of the
opposite sex catches your eye.
21
Example #1, cont
Across the crowded room, your gazes lock; you offer
each other a tentative smile. Suddenly, you find
that you cannot keep your eyes off each other.
Simultaneously, both of you ease yourselves free
of the people you have been talking to and head
toward each other. As you move toward the
center of the room; you feel your heart pounding
against your ribs, and you can hardly breathe. At
this moment you realize you have fallen in love at
first sight.
22
EXAMPLE #2
Kept late by a teacher, you hurry through the
empty corridors for your next class. As you
round a corner, you spot your beloved
standing and talking with a very goodlooking person of the opposite sex. The two
of them are so interested in each other that
they fail to notice you. You watch them
laughing, talking animatedly,
23
Example #2, cont
And touching each other gently as they make
this point or that. You duck out of sight,
but you take one quick peek just to be sure
that what you suspect is right. As you see
them together, you are convinced that your
beloved is cheating on you with this
attractive person. Your heart beats faster,
you suck in air, your muscles tighten, and
you feel overwhelming anger.
24
EXAMPLE #2, CONT.
You step out where they can see you. You
shout at your beloved, “It’s all over! I
couldn’t love somebody who would do this
kind of thing to me!”
25
REVIEW QUESTION
Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a
fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth
bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine
immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby,
screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is
banging in her chest and she’s broken out in a cold
sweat. How would the James-Lange, CannonBard, and Schachter-Singer’s two-factor theories
each explain Christine’s emotional reaction?
26
Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily
responses. Some of these responses are very
noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear
arises), but others are more difficult to discern
(neurons activated in the brain).
27
The Autonomic Nervous System
Activity
• Pair off; one person is subject, the other experimenter
• Experimenter: practice taking the pulse of the subject
• Experimenter: prepare data sheet; number 1 to 8 with two
additional spaces marked 10 and 12
• Record pulse of subject on teacher’s instructions; label as
base rate
• Subject: write essay on emotional incident; Experimenter:
take pulse as instructed – every thirty seconds record after
numbers; label as arousal rate
• Subject: stop writing essay, relax. Experimenter: take pulse
as instructed, record after #’s 10 and 12, label as recovery
• Together: prepare graph; X = trials; Y = beats per minute
(label base rate, arousal rate, and recovery)
28
Emotions and Autonomic Nervous
System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic
nervous system mobilizes energy in the body
that arouses us (sympathetic branch).
29
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Sympathetic branch of the nervous system
directs the adrenal glands to release stress
hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
• Liver pours extra sugar into bloodstream
stimulating physiological responses
• Parasympathetic branch of the nervous system
inhibits further release of stress hormones; arousal
diminishes gradually
30
Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We
perform better under moderate arousal, but
optimal performance varies with task
difficulty.
31
Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the
emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are
very similar.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.
32
Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and
movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage,
and joy.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during
the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left
hemisphere (happy) is different from the right
33
(depressed), for emotions.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
IN EMOTIONS
• Differences in physiological responses
would support the James-Lange theory
Why?
• Differing brain circuits used
• Preponderance of left frontal lobe vs right
frontal lobe activity may explain positive vs
negative personalities (may be due to
availability of dopamine in left hemisphere)
34
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
• Emotional intensity of those with severed
spinal cords varies according to where
along spinal chord the injury occurred
• Therefore, new support for James-Lange
Why?
35
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think
(cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our
thinking?
36
COGNITION AND EMOTION
• The involvement of cognition in the
experience of emotion is support for the
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• The labeling of the emotion based on the
cognitive appraisal is support for the
Schachter Two Factor Theory
37
Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the
next event (transfer of excitation). Support: bridge experiment; rape;
epinephrine/spillover experiment
Reuters/ Corbis
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which
may lead to rioting.
38
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage
subjects to drink more than when presented with an
angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a)
or through the cortex (b) for analysis.
39
COGNITION DOES NOT
ALWAYS PRECEDE EMOTION
• Note pathway in previous slide
• Speed of message enabled by directness
• May be so fast, we are unaware of what’s
transpired
40
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to
subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of
activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
41
EMOTION AND COGNITION
• Amygdala sends more neural projections
TO the cortex than it receives back
• This makes it easier for our feelings to
hijack our thinking than for our thinking to
rule our feelings
• SOME emotional reactions involve no
deliberate thinking
42
Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc (ZI-yence) and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that
some emotions are immediate, without conscious
appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998)
emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions. 43
APPRAISAL
• According to Lazarus how else would we
KNOW what we are reacting to
• APPRAISAL is the key, esp for complex
emotions, for example: guilt
44
Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body,
and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal
language of emotion universal?
45
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• Suppressing an emotion requires more mental
energy and attention (may affect memory of
event)
• We are especially good at detecting nonverbal
threats
• We read fear and anger mostly from the eyes,
happiness from the mouth
• Some people are better at thin slicing than others
• Experience can sensitize us to particular emotions
46
Ekman Research
• Ekman Research on Nonverbal Expression
of Emotion
47
Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions
through non-verbal communication. In a crowd
of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster
than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
48
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal
emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and
scary film clips women expressed more emotions
than men.
49
Gender and Emotion
• Women are more likely to describe
themselves as empathic (define)
• Gender differences in the emotions women
and men express best (example: men
convey anger better)
50
FACIAL EXPRESSION
• Pyramidal motor system controls voluntary
facial movements
• Extrapryamidal motor system controls
involuntary facial movements (Example:
authentic or Duchenne smile)
• Dominant side of the brain for emotion:
right therefore left side of face shows more
emotion
51
FACIAL EXPRESSION
• Activity One:
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Complete this individually
Number from 1 to
Identify the emotion expressed.
When everyone is finished, compare.
52
DETECTING AND COMPUTING
EMOTIONS ACTIVITY 2
• Number your paper from 1 to 8
• Select the correct emotion for each picture
from the following list. Do NOT share
your responses with other group members.
• When finished, determine how much your
group agreed on the emotions expressed in
the pictures
53
EMOTIONS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Deep hatred
Controlled anger
Sarcastic smile
Fear
Confusion
Contempt (scorn)
Derision (element of ridicule)
Obligatory smile
54
ANSWERS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 – derision
2 – controlled anger
3 – fear
4 – sarcastic smile
5 – obligatory smile
6 – contempt
7 – confusion
8 – deep hatred
55
Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
56
COMMUNICATION
• Why are email/text messages often
misinterpreted?
57
HUNGER FRQ
1
2
3
4
5
Mention Lateral hypothalamus
Identify lateral hypothalamus as start eating center
Apply function of lateral hypothalamus to obesity
Mention ventromedial hypothalamus
Identify ventromedial hypothalamus as stop eating
center
6 Apply function of ventromedial hypothalamus to
obesity
Select three of remaining points. First point given
for definition, second point given for applying to
obesity: 7/8, 9/10, 11/12
58
HUNGER FRQ
First Point: Definition of set point: weight
thermostat
Second Point: Apply set point to obesity
obese: require less food to maintain weight
than they did to attain
First Point: Definition of basal metabolic rate:
resting state of energy expenditure
Second Point: Apply basal metabolic rate to
obesity: has lower metabolic rate
59
HUNGER FRQ
First Point: Explain leptin as a hormone
secreted by fat cells that diminishes hunger
Second Point: Apply leptin to obesity: too
little may lead to overeating
First Point: Explain ghrelin as a hormone,
secreted by empty stomach, that arouses
hunger
Second Point: Apply ghrelin to obesity
too much may lead to overeating
60
HUNGER FRQ
First Point: Explain dopamine as a
neurtotransmitter involved w/
reward/pleasure
Second Point: Apply dopamine
malfunctioning to obesity
61
Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to
effectively convey 10 different emotions.
Network Photographers/ Alamy
62
Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic
facial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
63
CULTURE AND EMOTIONAL
EXPRESSION
• Children’s, even blind children’s, facial
expressions are universal
• Smiles are a social phenomena
• Cultures do differ in how much emotion
they express and under what circumstances.
Example?
64
Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated
that our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language. Nonverbal
facial expressions led
to our ancestor’s
survival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
65
Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.
66
The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips
67
touch causes the brow to furrow.
EFFECTS OF FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS
• Facial feedback effect (more broadly:
behavior feedback) – describe
• What emotion theory does this effect
support?
• How does this effect relate to empathy?
68
Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
69
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
• Complete Self-Rating Index based on Plutchik’s
eight basic emotions. These differ from Izard’s
and others’ lists
• Convert your score for each question based on the
key at the bottom of the scoring sheet.
• Circle all appropriate categories.
• Add each category and compute percentages
70
INTERPRETATION OF SELFRATING INVENTORY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inc = incorporation = acceptance/affiliation
Ori = orientation = surprise
Pro = protection = fear
Dep = deprivation = sadness/depression
Rej = rejection = disgust
Exp = exploration = expectation
Des = destruction = anger
Rep = reproduction = joy
71
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions. Give an example for each quadrant.
72
Fear
Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be
adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it
brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.
73
Learning Fear
Watson (1878-1958)
By Monika Suteski
We learn fear in two ways, either through
conditioning (name researcher?) and/or through
observation (name researcher?).
74
The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The
amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear
with certain situations.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
(LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim
75
Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19
B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234149 B.C.).
76
ANGER
• List ten situations that anger you
• Rank the situations from those that anger
you the least to those that anger you the
most
• What factors seem to be at the root of your
anger? (example: frustration)
77
Causes of Anger
1. People generally become angry with friends
and loved ones who commit wrongdoings,
especially if they are willful, unjustified, and
avoidable.
2. People are also angered by foul odors, high
temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and
pains.
78
Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves
an emotional release or “catharsis.” Freud
developed idea of catharsis
NEW RESEARCH: Expressing anger
breeds more anger, and through
reinforcement it is habit-forming.
79
Cultural & Gender Differences
1.
2.
3.
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
situation, while girls talk to their friends (tend and
befriend) or listen to music.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an
intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in
cultures that do not promote group behavior
(individualist) than in cultures that do promote group
behavior (collectivist).
Wolfgang Kaehler
80
Happiness
People who are happy
perceive the world as
being safer. They are
able to make decisions
easily, are more
cooperative, rate job
applicants more
favorably, and live
healthier, energized,
and more satisfied
lives.
81
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help
others = altruism.
82
Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling
of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on
new positive psychology is on the rise. Know:
Seligman
http://web.fineliving.com
83
Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7
hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more
or less the same throughout the day.
84
Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs
tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring
individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt
85
EMOTIONAL UPS AND DOWNS
• EVEN TRAGEDY IS NOT
PERMANENTLY DEPRESSING
• WE OVERESTIMATE THE DURATION
OF EMOTIONS AND UNDERESTIMATE
OUR CAPACITY TO ADAPT.
86
Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were
wealthier, they would be happier. However, data
suggests that they would only be happy
temporarily.
87
Wealth and Well-being
1. In affluent societies, people with more money
are happier than people who struggle for
their basic needs.
2. People in rich countries are happier than
people in poor countries.
3. A sudden rise in financial conditions makes
people happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are
also satisfied with their life.
88
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its
utter absence can breed
misery, yet having it is
no guarantee of
happiness.
89
HAPPINESS
• Video clip
• "Pursuit of Happiness"
90
Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction)
measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.
91
Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report
higher life satisfaction.
92
Happiness & Prior Experience
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the
adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch,
people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a
short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
93
Happiness & Others’ Attainments
Happiness is not only relative to our past, but
also to our comparisons with others. Relative
Deprivation is the perception that we are
relatively worse off than those we compare
ourselves with.
Can you give some specific examples of relative
deprivation?
94
Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy
than others?
95