Emotion
Chapter 13
1
INTRODUCTION
• From When You Can Live Twice as Long, What
Will You Do? By Charles Platt
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Would you like never to be sad again?
Will the ultimate lie detector be a bane or a blessing?
Would you share another person’s total life experience?
How would you act if you felt the pain of others?
Do you want to measure your pleasure?
2
Emotion
Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
3
THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
OF AN EMOTION
• Transitory = set beginning and end; moods
last longer
• Valence
• Partly elicited by a cognitive appraisal of
how a situation relates to your goals
• Alters thought processes
• Elicits an action tendency
• Passion which happen to you
4
ACTIVITY
• Group A: hold a pencil or pen in your
mouth just behind the front teeth; keep your
lips apart, not touching the pen or penil
• Group B: Hold a pencil or pen between the
upper lip and nose.
• Fill in the evaluation sheet provided
• Determine your mean rating
5
Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological
activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
6
Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow
your emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion
(feeling)?
7
Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts
beating faster. First comes conscious awareness,
then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
8
James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl
Lange proposed an
idea that was
diametrically opposed
to the common-sense
view. The James-Lange
Theory proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the emotional
experience.
9
Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and
Phillip Bard
questioned the JamesLange Theory and
proposed that an
emotion-triggering
stimulus and the
body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
10
Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and
Jerome Singer
proposed yet another
theory which suggests
our physiology and
cognitions create
emotions. Emotions
have two factors–
physical arousal and
cognitive label.
11
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory
• Transfer of excitation is explained by this
theory.
– Physiological arousal can be attributed to
emotion and can intensify emotional experience
regardless of source of arousal
– Bridge experiment/ rape (transfer between
sexual and aggressive arousal/ epinephrine
study
12
ARE YOU SURE YOU’RE IN/OUT
OF LOVE?
• Read the brief descriptions of behavior.
How would you explain these two scenarios
based on Schachter’s two-factor theory of
emotion?
• Can you think of other examples of
behavior that illustrate Schachter’s theory?
13
Example #1
• You gather your courage; you make your
entrance; and, after some awkward
introductions; you find a comfortable corner
where you can sit and pretend to be
enjoying yourself. You are making polite
conversation with someone who doesn’t
quite interest you when, from the other side
of the room, a very attractive person of the
opposite sex catches your eye.
14
Example #1, cont
• Across the crowded room, your gazes lock; you
offer each other a tentative smile. Suddenly, you
find that you cannot keep your eyes off each other.
Simultaneously, both of you ease yourselves free
of the people you have been talking to and head
toward each other. As you move toward the center
of the room; you feel your heart pounding against
your ribs, and you can hardly breathe. At this
moment you realize you have fallen in love at first
sight.
15
EXAMPLE #2
Kept late by a teacher, you hurry through the
empty corridors for your next class. As you
round a corner, you spot your beloved
standing and talking with a very goodlooking person of the opposite sex. The two
of them are so interested in each other that
they fail to notice you. You watch them
laughing, talking animatedly,
16
Example #2, cont
• And touching each other gently as they
make this point or that. You duck out of
sight, but you take one quick peek just to be
sure that what you suspect is right. As you
see them together, you are convinced that
your beloved is cheating on you with this
attractive person. Your heart beats faster,
you suck in air, your muscles tighten, and
you feel overwhelming anger.
17
EXAMPLE #2, CONT.
• You step out where they can see you. You
shout at your beloved, “It’s all over! I
couldn’t love somebody who would do this
kind of thing to me!”
18
Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily
responses. Some of these responses are very
noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear
arises), but others are more difficult to discern
(neurons activated in the brain).
19
The Autonomic Nervous System
Activity
• Pair off; one person is subject, the other experimenter
• Experimenter practice taking the pulse of the subject
• Experimenter prepare data sheet; number 1 to 10 with two
additional spaces marked 15 and 20
• Record pulse of subject on teacher’s instructions; label as
base rate
• Subject write essay; experimenter take pulse as instructed;
label as arousal rate
• Stop writing essay, relax, exp take pulse as instructed; label
as recovery
• Prepare graph; X = beats per minute; Y = minutes
20
Emotions and Autonomic Nervous
System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic
nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that
arouses us.
21
Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We
perform better under moderate arousal, but
optimal performance varies with task
difficulty.
22
Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the
emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are
very similar.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.
23
Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and
movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage,
and joy.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during
the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left
hemisphere (happy) is different from the right
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(depressed) for emotions.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
IN EMOTIONS
• Differences would support the JamesLange theory
• Differing brain circuits used
• Preponderance of left frontal lobe vs right
frontal lobe activity: positive vs negative
personalities (may be due to availability of
dopamine)
25
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
• Emotional intensity of those with severed
spinal cords
• Therefore, new support for James-Lange
26
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think
(cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our
thinking?
27
COGNITION AND EMOTION
• The involvement of cognition in the
experience of emotion is support for the
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• The labeling of the emotion based on the
cognitive appraisal is support for the
Schachter Two Factor Theory
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Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the
next event (transfer of excitation). Support: bridge experiment; rape;
epinephrine/spillover experiment
Reuters/ Corbis
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which
may lead to rioting.
29
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage
subjects to drink more than when presented with an
angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a)
or through the cortex (b) for analysis.
30
COGNITION DOES NOT ALWAYS
PRECEDE EMOTION
• Note pathway in previous slide
• Speed of message enabled by directness
• May be so fast, we are unaware of what’s
transpired
31
Cognition Does Not Always Precede
Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to
subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of
activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
32
• Amygdala sends more neural projections
TO the cortex than it receives back
• This makes it easier for our feelings to
hijack our thinking than for our thinking to
rule our feelings
• SOME emotional reactions involve no
deliberate thinking
33
Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc (ZI-yence) and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that
some emotions are immediate, without conscious
appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998)
emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions. 34
• According to Lazarus how else would we
KNOW what we are reacting to
• APPRAISAL is the key esp for complex
emotions; for example guilt
35
Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body,
and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal
language of emotion universal?
36
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• Suppressing an emotion requires more mental
energy and attention (may affect memory of event)
• We are especially good at detecting nonverbal
threats
• We read fear and anger mostly from the eyes,
happiness from the mouth
• Some people are better at thin slicing than others
• Experience can sensitize us to particular emotions
37
Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions
through non-verbal communication. In a crowd
of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster
than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
38
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal
emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and
scary film clips women expressed more emotions
than men.
39
Gender and Emotion
• Women are more likely to describe
themselves as empathic
• Gender differences in the emotions women
and men express best (example: men
convey anger better)
40
FACIAL EXPRESSION
• Pyramidal motor system controls voluntary
facial movements
• Extrapryamidal motor system controls
involuntary facial movements (Example:
authentic or Duchenne smile)
• Dominant side of the brain for emotion:
right therefore left side of face shows more
emotion
41
DETECTING AND COMPUTING
EMOTIONS ACTIVITY
• Number your paper from 1 to 8
• Select the correct emotion for each picture
from the following list. Do NOT share
your responses with other group members.
• When finished, determine how much your
group agreed on the emotions expressed in
the pictures
42
EMOTIONS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Deep hatred
Controlled anger
Sarcastic smile
Fear
Confusion
Contempt
Derision
Obligatory smile
43
Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
44
• Why are email messages often
misinterpreted?
45
Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to
effectively convey 10 different emotions.
Network Photographers/ Alamy
46
Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic
facial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
47
CULTURE AND EMOTIONAL
EXPRESSION
• Children’s, even blind children’s, facial
expressions are universal
• Smiles are a social phenomena
• Cultures do differ in how much emotion
they express
48
Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated
that our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language. Nonverbal
facial expressions led
to our ancestor’s
survival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
49
Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.
50
The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips
51
touch causes the brow to furrow.
EFFECTS OF FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS
• Facial feedback effect (more broadly:
behavior feedback) – describe
• What emotion theory does this effect
support?
• How does this effect relate to empathy?
52
Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
53
EXPERIENCED EMOTION
• Complete Self-Rating Index based on Plutchik’s
eight basic emotions. These differ from Izard’s
and others’ lists
• Convert your score for each question based on the
key at the bottom of the scoring sheet.
• Circle all appropriate categories.
• Add each category and compute percentages
54
INTERPRETATION OF SELFRATING INVENTORY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Inc = incorporation = acceptance/affiliation
Ori = orientation = surprise
Pro = protection = fear
Dep = deprivation = sadness/depression
Rej = rejection = disgust
Exp = exploration = expectation
Des = destruction = anger
Rep = reproduction = joy
55
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions.
56
Fear
Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be
adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it
brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.
57
Learning Fear
Watson (1878-1958)
By Monika Suteski
We learn fear in two ways, either through
conditioning (name researcher?)and/or through
observation (name researcher?).
58
The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The
amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear
with certain situations.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
(LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim
59
Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19
B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234149 B.C.).
60
Causes of Anger
1. People generally become angry with friends
and loved ones who commit wrongdoings,
especially if they are willful, unjustified, and
avoidable.
2. People are also angered by foul odors, high
temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and
pains.
61
Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves
an emotional release or “catharsis.” Freud
developed idea of catharsis
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through
reinforcement it is habit-forming.
62
Cultural & Gender Differences
1.
2.
3.
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
situation, while girls talk to their friends (tend and
befriend) or listen to music.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an
intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in
cultures that do not promote group behavior
(individualist) than in cultures that do promote group
behavior (collectivist).
Wolfgang Kaehler
63
Happiness
People who are happy
perceive the world as
being safer. They are
able to make decisions
easily, are more
cooperative, rate job
applicants more
favorably, and live
healthier, energized,
and more satisfied
lives.
64
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help
others = altruism.
65
Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling
of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on
new positive psychology is on the rise.
http://web.fineliving.com
66
Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7
hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more
or less the same throughout the day.
67
Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs
tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring
individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt
68
EMOTIONAL UPS AND DOWNS
• EVEN TRAGEDY IS NOT
PERMANENTLY DEPRESSING
• WE OVERESTIMATE THE DURATION
OF EMOTIONS AND UNDERESTIMATE
OUR CAPACITY TO ADAPT.
69
Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were
wealthier, they would be happier. However, data
suggests that they would only be happy
temporarily.
70
Wealth and Well-being
1. In affluent societies, people with more money
are happier than people who struggle for
their basic needs.
2. People in rich countries are happier than
people in poor countries.
3. A sudden rise in financial conditions makes
people happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are
also satisfied with their life.
71
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its
utter absence can breed
misery, yet having it is
no guarantee of
happiness.
72
HAPPINESS
• Video clip
• "Pursuit of Happiness"
73
Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction)
measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.
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Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report
higher life satisfaction.
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Happiness & Prior Experience
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the
adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch,
people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a
short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
76
Happiness & Others’ Attainments
Happiness is not only relative to our past, but
also to our comparisons with others. Relative
Deprivation is the perception that we are
relatively worse off than those we compare
ourselves with.
Can you give some specific examples of relative
deprivation?
77
Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy
than others?
78
iClicker Questions for
Psychology, 8th Edition
by David G. Myers
Karla Gingerich, Colorado State University
Chapter 13: Emotion
79
Which theory would suggest that
you experience the emotion of anger
at the same time that your heart
begins to beat rapidly?
A.
B.
C.
D.
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
two-factor theory
adaptation-level phenomenon
80
If people who have just been aroused by
watching rock videos are insulted, their
feelings of anger will be greater than
those of people who have been similarly
provoked but were not previously
aroused. This is best explained by the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
relative deprivation principle.
adaptation-level principle.
catharsis hypothesis.
two-factor theory.
81
When Mr. Morgan began to misinterpret his
harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous
system arousal as indicative of an impending
heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense
level of fear. His emotional suffering is best
understood in terms of the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
catharsis hypothesis.
James-Lange theory.
adaptation-level theory.
two-factor theory.
82
basketball free throw contest. Her
performance is likely to be
________ if her physiological
arousal during the performance is
________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
best; very low
best; very high
best; moderate
worst; moderate
83
In Chinese literature, laughing a
great “Ho-Ho” sound indicates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
anger.
happiness.
disgust.
surprise.
84
President Richard Nixon publicly
made the “A-OK” sign in Brazil
without knowing that in Brazilian
culture his gesture meant:
A.
B.
C.
D.
“Good luck!”
“I’m hungry.”
“I feel sick.”
“Let’s have sex.”
85
After receiving exciting news about the
birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney
was easily persuaded to contribute a
generous sum of money to a neighborhood
church. This best illustrates the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
two-factor theory.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
James-Lange theory.
relative deprivation principle.
86
After the excitement of her
promotion wore off, Karen started to
dream about her next promotion and
raise. This illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Cannon-Bard principle.
the adaptation-level phenomenon.
the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer’s theory.
87
Critical Thinking Questions
88
We have all heard about a lie detector or
polygraph. You have taken a lie detector test
because your boss thinks someone is stealing
from the office. You are innocent, but
unfortunately, you are informed that you have
“failed” the polygraph test. Which of the
following is NOT true about these tests?
A. A polygraph cannot really detect the difference between arousal
caused by anxiety and that caused by lying.
B. Polygraph tests can easily be fooled.
C. People who pass lie detector tests are innocent, but those who
fail are not necessarily guilty.
D. While widely used by police and government agencies,
polygraphs often fail to identify the guilty.
89
Emotions are often reflected in our
facial expressions. Which of the
following has been demonstrated about
the universality of facial expressions?
A. In almost all cultures, people use similar facial
expressions to indicate similar emotions.
B. Emotional intensity is expressed in the same way in
almost all cultures.
C. Blind children do not have accurate facial expressions.
D. Polygraphs are more accurate in some cultures than in
others.
90
Which of the following best
illustrates the facial feedback effect?
A. Josephine finds that people like her better when
she smiles.
B. Conner notices that whenever he gets angry, he
gets a mild headache.
C. When Gabriel holds a pencil in his mouth, he
feels happier.
D. After eating a satisfying meal, Danielle is in a
better mood.
91
Research has supported the notion
that:
A. younger people are happier than older
people.
B. highly educated people are happier than
poorly educated people.
C. physically attractive people are happier than
physically unattractive people.
D. people who have meaningful religious faith
are happier than those who do not.
92
You have an aching tooth. You know that
you need to visit a dentist, but you keep
putting it off. In fact, you’ve already
cancelled one appointment that you made.
A psychologist would say that you are
experiencing:
A.
B.
C.
D.
an approach-approach conflict.
an approach-avoidance conflict.
an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
an avoidance-approach-avoidance conflict.
93
You’ve been asked to design a wellness and
stress reduction program for the employees of a
fast-paced investment firm. This is particularly
challenging because many employees work
long hours and rarely take breaks. Which of the
following might NOT be a good strategy for
this
group?
A. Develop a 45-minute exercise class that employees
attend during the day.
B. Develop a system of relaxation exercises that can be
done at their desks.
C. Have short brown-bag lunch meetings to allow people
to connect with fellow employees.
D. Hand out relaxation and stress information in the
form of brochures.
94
Which of the following might be a
predictable outcome of stress according
to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation
Syndrome?
A. Your teacher gives a surprise quiz; your heart pounds and
you feel a bit nauseated.
B. You always seem to catch a cold during final exam week,
when you need to study the most.
C. You are able to remain alert and in control as you help a
family member through weeks of serious illness.
D. All of these could be predicted by the General Adaptation
Syndrome.
95