Energy
 Energy exists in many forms.
 Although energy is n’t visible, you can detect
evidence of energy.
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
 Energy can be changed from one form to another.
Energy Uses
 Energy do work that end up as motion, light, or heat.
 Energy is used to power manufacturing, light buildings,
propel vehicles, and communicate messages.
Energy Conversion
All forms of energy can be converted into other forms of
energy
Six Forms of Energy
Mechanical
Heat/Thermal
Chemical
Nuclear
Electrical
Light/Radiant
Mechanical Energy
Energy that moves objects from place to place (K.E & P.E)
 K.E examples include water, steam. and gas turbine as well as
vehicles
 P.E examples include water flowing in a Dams.
Chemical Energy
Internal energy
 Energy released by a chemical reaction ( internal energy /
heating value)
 The food you eat contains chemical energy that is released
when you digest your meal
 Organic materials (HC) such as wood, coal, gasoline, and natural
gas are fuels that contain chemical energy
Energy Sources
90% of the energy used today is in the form
of fossil fuels.
Forms of energy OTHER than fossil fuels
are termed “alternative” energy sources.
Alternative energy sources can be divided
into two main categories.
1) Non-renewable energy sources
• fossil fuels
• Nuclear energy
2) Renewable Energy Sources
• Solar power
• Wind power
• Hydropower
• Ocean currents/tidal
• Biomass energy
Will the energy future include fossil fuels?
-There are a few “new” sources of fossil fuels which may
play a role in the future.
-They are still NON-RENEWABLE.
-They still cause pollution (in varying amounts)
But there is a potential for LOTS of energy!
Geothermal Energy: heat energy
from the Earth
The conversion of natural heat from the Earth’s interior to
heat buildings and generate electricity.
Considered a non-renewable source when extraction rates
are greater than supply.
Renewable Energy Sources
•
•
•
•
•
Solar power
Wind power
Hydropower
Ocean currents/tidal
Biomass energy
Solar Energy
The amount of incoming solar energy is immense.
In 10 weeks, the amount of incoming solar energy would
equal the energy of all known fossil fuel reserves.
Distribution is variable, due to climate , location on Earth,
etc…
The Luz Solar Electric Generation System
Photovoltaic Solar
Hydrogen Power
Hydrogen has the potential to be the largest energy
source of all.
Clean Burning (only water as exhaust!)
Inexhaustible supply, which is recycled No fancy new
drilling technology needed!
Water Power: Hydro-power is a good alternative energy
source, because it is essentially unlimited.
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Power is generated by harnessing the energy of falling
water. The greater the difference in water level, the more
energy
Tidal/Current Power
Tidal/Current Power: generation of electricity from
movement of ocean tides or currents.
Rising tides are trapped behind a dam, then released to
turn a generator.
Also some work on ocean buoys that harness the
movement of water to generate electricity.
Outlook: Generally good, but tidal energy can only be
used in areas
where tides are of sufficient height to
warrant an electrical station.
High costs may be associated.
Offshore buoys would need electrical transmission lines
along the ocean floor.
Wind Power
Wind Power: generation of electricity using wind to turn
turbines. Free energy, but needs to be in an area that has
constant winds with enough velocity to warrant placing
windmills.
Best used in particular sites with a good steady supply of
wind.
Outlook:
• Wind power will continue to grow, but in limited areas.
Some disadvantages and concerns exist.
• Windmills had bad impact of environment (decrease
wind velocity, produce noise, kill birds, and interfere
with migratory local life patterns.
• Large windmill farms take up large areas of land.
Biomass Energy
Biomass Energy: energy from organic matter.
Probably the first source of energy for man, this energy is
renewable and abundant.
Already in use in many places, such as sugar plantations
and saw mills. Also includes the burning of urban waste,
in “trash to steam” plants.
Outlook: Biomass fuel will continue to be a large part of
the alternative energy picture. However:
Environmental degradation can and will occur if the
biomass is not harvested in a renewable manner.
Burning biomass causes local pollution, especially air
pollution, and leaves ash behind. The ash can be used in
other industrial sectors.
Methane Hydrates
White, ice-like compound consisting of Methane (CH4)
and water. A potential source of energy, as large as twice
the known reserves of gas, oil, and coal COMBINED.
Found in very deep ocean sediments (over 1000 feet in
depth)
Definition of Wastes
Wastes
 Implies unwanted or unusable materials.
“substances or objects which are disposed of or
are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of the law”
 The term is often subjective (because waste to one person
is not necessarily waste to another) and sometimes
objectively inaccurate (for example, to send scrap
metals to a landfill is to inaccurately classify them as
waste, because they are recyclable).
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WASTE
Types of Wastes
Solid wastes:
domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes: plastics, Styrofoam
containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other
trash
Liquid Wastes:
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste
water from ponds, manufacturing industries and
other sources
Emissions
Examples: exhaust gases (CO2, CO, O2, NOx. Sox,….etc)
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Classification of Wastes
 According to their Properties
 According to their Effects on Human Health and
the environment
Classification of Wastes
Organic (Bio-degradable – CHNSO)
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Recyclable Materials (Non-biodegradable Material – scrap)
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, Styrofoam containers and others)
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Classification of Wastes
Organic characterization
Organic characterization
Classification of Wastes
 Hazardous wastes
Substances
unsafe
to
use
commercially,
industrially,
commercially,
industrially,
agriculturally, or economically.
 Non-hazardous
Substances
safe
to
use
agriculturally, or economically.
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Sources of Wastes
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Sources of Wastes
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EFFECTS OF WASTE
 Affects health
 Affects economic conditions
 Affects marine environment
 Affects climate
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Environmental Management System EMS
 part of an organization’s management system used to develop and
implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental
aspects. This includes organizational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for
developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the
environmental policy.
Waste management
waste management include:
• Generation of waste
• Treatment
• Waste minimization
• Landfill disposal
• Waste removal
• Environmental considerations
• Waste transportation
• Financial and marketing
• Waste treatment
• Recycling and reuse
aspects
• Policy and regulation
• Storage, collection, transport, • Education and training
and transfer
• Planning and
implementation.
Waste management
Solid Waste management
Solid Waste management
• Waste
management
is
the
"generation,
prevention,
characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and
residual disposition of solid wastes".
• The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their
effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.
Solid Waste management
Solid Waste management
Waste management
Waste could be changed
From Bad Health
To
Wealth
Waste management
Waste management
Waste management
Prevention of Pollution
• Product design,
• Materials utilization,
• Use, practices, and techniques of processes,
• Services or energy that avoid, reduce or control (separately or in
combination)
• The creation, emission or discharge of any pollutant or waste, in
order to reduce adverse environmental impacts.
Waste management
Reduce
 Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal
policy to duplex all, draft reports and by making training
manuals and personnel information available
electronically.
 Improve product design to use less materials.
 Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while
maintaining strength.
 Work with customers to design and implement a packaging
return program.
 Switch to reusable transport containers.
 Purchase products in bulk.
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Waste management
Reuse

Reuse recyclable materials

corrugated moving boxes internally.

Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice
envelopes, file folders, and paper.

Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and
glasses.


Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.
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Encourage employees to reuse office materials
Waste management
Definition of Disposal
Disposal means
“any operation which may lead to resource recovery,
recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative use”
Disposal
Disposal
Disposal Waste to Fuel
Energy Recovery
Environmental Impact
Solid waste treatment technologies
Solid waste treatment technologies
Solid waste treatment technologies
Solid waste treatment technologies
Established waste treatment technologies
• Composting
• Incineration
• landfill
• Recycling
Solid waste treatment technologies
Alternative solid waste treatment
• Anaerobic digestion
• Alcohol/ethanol production
• Bioconversion of biomass to
mixed alcohol fuels
• Biodrying
• Gasification
• GasPlasma: Gasification
followed by syngas plasma
polishing (commercial test
scale)
• In-vessel composting
• Mechanical biological
treatment
• Mechanical heat
treatment
• Plasma arc waste disposal
Pyrolysis
• Refuse-derived fuel
• Sewage treatment
• Tunnel composting
• Waste autoclave
Solid Waste management
Solid Waste management system
Solid Waste management
Solid Waste management