Classification of Living
Organisms
Why do we want to do this?
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish
• System of naming organisms – 2
kingdoms originally
• Binomial nomenclature
2 name naming system
• Changed to 5 kingdoms, then 3 Domains
How to write a scientific name
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1 Capitalize 1st word (genus)
2 Lower case for 2nd word (species)
3 Underline or italicize
Examples:
– Homo sapiens
– Pan troglodytes
• Next time genus can be abbreviated to 1st
letter H. sapiens
3 Domain Naming system
• Domain - Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
• Kingdom - Used to be
• Monera (Bacteria);
Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Pneumonic Device
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Great
Sex
New vs Old
3 Domains
5 Kingdoms
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Common
ancestor
Monera
Protista
Example 1
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Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Cetacea
Family Delphinidae
Genus Orcinus
Species orca
Example - Humans
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Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primata
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Characteristics of 5 Kingdoms
• Monera (Bacteria) -Single celled
Prokaryotic Binary Fission (reproduction)
• Protista -Eukaryotic Single or Multicelled
Producers, consumers or decomposers
• Fungi -Multicellular (usually) Eukarytotic
decomposer
• Plantae -Multicellular Eukarytotic producer
• Animalia -Multicellular Eukarytotic consumer
How we are all related
Domain Archaea
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotes
• Lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram -)
• Extreme living – probably poor competitors
 Thermophiles – heat loving (Deep sea Thermal vents)
 Halophiles – salt loving (Dead sea, Great Salt Lake)
 Methanogens – produce methane
 Sulfur producing
Domain Bacteria
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Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Has peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram +)
Can be colonial or filamentous
 Blue green (algae) Cyanobacteria
 Chemoautotrophs (probably first cells ever)
 Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Protista
• Single or Multicelled
• Eukaryotic
 Fungus-like (decomposers) end in –mycota
Slime molds and water molds
 Animal-like (consumers) move by
Cilia Flagella or Pseudopodia
 Plant-like photosynthetic (producers)
Diatoms Dinoflagellates or AlgaeRed; Green; Brown; or (Golden)
Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Fungi
• Multicelled (usually)
• Eukaryotic
• Nucleus and Cell wall - chitin
• Decomposer
Zygomycota – molds
Basidiomycota – Club fungus(Mushrooms,
puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)
Ascomycota – Sac fungi, morels, truffles,
yeast (most found in kitchen),lichens
Domain Eukarya
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Kingdom Plantae
Multicelled
Eukaryotic
Nucleus and Cell wall - cellulose
Producer - photoautotroph
 Bryophytes (Moss, liverwort, hornwort)
 Pteridophytes (Club moss, horsetail, fern)
 Gymnosperms (Ginkgo, cycad, gnetophyte, conifer)
 Angiosperm (Dicot, Monocot)
Alternation of generations
Bryophytes
• Live on land
• No vascular tissue
• Need water to reproduce (swimming
sperm, just like us)
• Gametophyte generation dominant,
sporophyte dependent
Moss
Liverwort
Hornwort
Gametophyte
generation dominant
Pteridophytes
• Live on land
• Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Reproduce with spores
Sori - spore producing structure (on ferns)
Sporophyte dominant,
gametophyte independent
Club moss
Horsetail
Fern
Gymnosperms
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Live on land
Vascular tissue
Seeds in cones
Sporophyte dominant,
gametophyte dependent
Cycad
Ginkgo
Gnetophyte
Conifers (pine, spruce, fir, redwood, sequoia)
Angiosperms
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Most live on land (some freshwater, 7 marine)
Vascular tissue
Flowers
Sporophyte dominant,
gametophyte dependent
Dicots (shrubs, oak, maple trees)
Monocots (grasses, palm trees)
Dicot
• Two cotyledons in seed
• Branching veins in leaves
• Flower petals – 4 or 5 (or multiples)
• Vascular tissue in bundles in ring
• Tap root
Oak, Maple, aspen trees
Shrubs
Most ornamental flowers
Monocot
• Single cotyledon in seed
• Parallel veins in leaf
• Flower petals – 3 (or multiples)
• Vascular tissue in scattered bundles
• Fibrous root ball
Grasses
Palms
Lily, orchid, iris