APUSH Exam Review
Time Period: 4
Period 4: 1800 - 1848
The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the
face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.
Key Concept 4.1: The United States developed the world’s first modern mass
democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to
define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions.
Key Ideas: The Marshall Court: Judiciary Act of 1801, “midnight judges”;
Marshall Makes a Decision (William Marbury, John Marshall, writ of mandamus,
judicial review) Jefferson tries to remove federalists (impeachment of radical
Federalist judges, Samuel Chase and partisan decisions, attempt failed) Jefferson’s
Challenges: Election of 1804, Yazoo Land Controversy; Battles with Burr (12th
Amendment, Burr joins radical Federalists and plots to have New England secede,
Duel with Hamilton, Burr conspiracy to take Mexico- fail); The Era of Good Feelings:
Election of James Monroe 1816 /1820, collapse of Federalist party, issues with
tariffs, slavery, political power within Republican party (no maybe not so much
good feelings); New Tariff and Opposition(Tariff of 1816/20%, protective tariff of
industry, sectional complaints from the South, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster,
Henry Clay, American System, 2nd BUS) Trouble with the BUS (The Panic of 1819,
overspeculated land in west, reduced credit = inflation, wildcat banks, hard
specie/coin, foreclosures on farmers); Rise of the Second Party System: Changes
in Electoral Process (“rise of the common man”, elimination of property owning
rights to vote, national conventions, 3rd parties/ Anti-Masons, need for national
campaigns) Mudslinging Election of 1824 (John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay,
William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, “corrupt bargain”, Democrats (Jackson),
National Republicans/Whigs) Challenges to Federal Authority: McCulloch v
Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Marshall ensures federal authority supersedes state;
Death of BUS (Andrew Jackson economic philosophy, Nicholas Biddle, “pet banks”,
Specie Circular, elimination of paper money, Panic of 1837) South’s Contention
over Tariffs (Tariff of 1828/45%, John C. Calhoun and “The Southern Carolina
Exposition”, “Tariff of Abominations”, nullification, Tariff of 1832/35%, South
Carolina nullified tariff, Force Bill) Jackson Exercises Veto (vetoed more bills than
the previous 6 presidents combined, increased the power of presidency) Jackson’s
America (spoils system, “kitchen cabinet”, champion of common man) Jackson
versus Native Americans (Indian Removal Act, Cherokee Nation v Georgia,
Worcester v. Georgia, trail of tears) Religious revival (2nd Great Awakening, Charles
G. Finney, burned over district, Methodist, Baptists, Peter Cartwright) Passionate
Reform: Temperance and America’s Health (American Temperance Society,
Maine Law in 1851, Dorothea Dix improvement of institutions) Abolition
Movement (William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator, American Antislavery
Society, Liberty Party, Foreign Antislavery Party, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth,
Frederick Douglass and the North Star, Underground Railroad, Nat Turner’s
Rebellion) Utopian Societies: Mormonism (Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints/ Mormon Church, polygamy, Utah)
Transcendentalists, Shakers, and Oneidas (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David
Thoreau, Walden, “On Civil Disobedience”, Shakers, Mother Ann Lee, Oneida
Community, John Humphrey Noyes) Birth of American Culture: nationalism,
Hudson River School of painting, Knickerbockers, Washington Irving, James
Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville.
Focus AP Exam Questions:
(POL – 2)(POL-5)(ID – 5)(CUL – 2)(WOR-2)(ID – 1)(ID – 5)(CUL-2)
(POL - 6 ) Analyze how debates over political values (such as democracy, freedom,
and citizenship) and the extension of American ideals abroad contributed to the
ideological clashes and military conflicts of the 19th century and the early 20th
century
(POL - 3) Explain how activist groups and reform movements, such as antebellum
reformers, civil rights activists, and social conservatives, have caused changes to
state institutions and U.S. society
(ID – 2) Assess the impact of Manifest Destiny, territorial expansion, the Civil War,
and industrialization on popular beliefs about progress and the national destiny of
the U.S. in the 19th century
(CUL – 5) Analyze ways that philosophical, moral, and scientific ideas were used to
defend and challenge the dominant economic and social order in the 19th and 20th
centuries
Key Concept 4.2: Developments in technology, agriculture, and commerce
precipitated profound changes in U.S. settlement patterns, regional identities,
gender and family relations, political power, and distribution of consumer
goods.
Key Ideas: Economic and Social Revolution: advances in transportation,
national market economy, economic specialization by regions, plantation economy
and the cotton gin; Transportation (turnpikes, Cumberland Road, Erie Canal,
Fulton steamboat, railroad, connecting the east with the west, start of sectionalism)
Immigrants change social structure (German immigrants, Irish immigrants,
nativists, American party/Know-Nothing Party, the more immigrants came the more
changes politically, socially, and economically) Industrial North and Agricultural
Northwest (textile factories, expansion of cities, overcrowding, disease, crime,
Northwest connected to East via canals and rail) King Cotton and the Agrarian
South (Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney, cash crop economy, “peculiar institution, Black
Codes, Slave Codes, slave life, social structure, “white trash and hillbillies”) The
Frontier – Western Lands (log cabins, hard life, isolated, more open to change)
The Cult of Domesticity (“women’s work”, less children, “cult of domesticity”,
Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments)
Focus AP Exam Questions:
(WXT-2) (ID-5) (ID-6)
[WXT - 5) Explain how and why different labor systems have developed, persisted,
and changed since 1800 and how events such as the Civil War and industrialization
shaped U.S. society and workers’ lives
(PEO - 2) Explain how changes in the numbers and sources on international
migrants in the 19th and 20th centuries altered the ethnic and social makeup of the
U.S. population
(PEO – 3) Analyze the causes and effects of major internal migration patterns such
as urbanization, suburbanization, westward movement, and the Great Migration in
the 19th and 20th centuries
(WXT – 7) Compare the beliefs and strategies of movements advocating changes to
the U.S. economic system since industrialization, particularly organized labor,
Populists, and Progressive movements.
Key Concept 4.3: U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its
national boarders, and isolating itself from European conflicts shaped the
nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
Key Ideas: Jefferson and Troubles Abroad: Tripolitan War, Napoleonic
Wars, Berlin Decree, Orders of Council, Milan Decree, U.S. Chesapeake, Embargo Act
of 1807; Madison and European Affairs: Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, Macon’s
Bill No. 2, British and French impressment; “Mr Madison’s War: “War Hawks”,
Battle of Tippecanoe, William Henry Harrison, Shawnee (Tecumseh and The
Prophet), British refusal to lift restrictions, 2nd war of Independence, Mosquito Fleet,
horrible invasion of Canada, Fort McHenry, “The Star Spangled Banner”, General
Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent; Ideology divides US: War
of 1812 Federalists vs Republicans, New England vs rest of country, Hartford
Convention, Federalists were un-American; Missouri Compromise: Westward
Expansion and slavery, Tallmadge Amendment, emancipation, Henry Clay and the
Missouri Compromise, Maine, 36 30’ line; Monroe Doctrine: Rush-Bagot Treaty –
Great Lakes boundaries, Adams-Otis Treaty purchase of Florida, Latin American
revolutions, Monroe Doctrine, “nonintervention”
Focus AP Exam Questions:
(WOR-5) (ENV-3) (POL-6)
(WOR - 6) Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in
the 19th and 20th century
(PEO – 6) Analyze the role of both internal and international migration on changes
to urban life, cultural developments, labor issues, and reform movements from the
mid-19th century through the mid-20th century