www.pascack.k12.nj.us
Pascack Hills HS
Faculty
Whitfield, James
Env. Bio. Period #2
Basic Tissue Types
The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
- Rembrandt (1632)
The Cadaver belongs to Aris Kindt 1/16/1632 Hanged for burglary
Sushruthra – The Father of Indian Medicine approximately 1000 BCE
Note he is examining the Radial Pulse
Ayurveda – “The Science of Medicine” Pre-dates the Christian Era by 4000 years!
Basic Tissue Types
• There are four basic tissue types
–
–
–
–
Epithelium
Muscle
Bone
Connective Tissue
• Today we will discuss the First type –
Epithelium
Epithelial tissue consists of
cells arranged in continuous
sheets in either single or
multiple layers. They are
closely packed with little
intracellular space
Epithelial Cells
• Provide an excellent protective
barrier
• Separate and isolate substances
within the body
• They have a very high rate of cell
division, due to high rate of physical
stress and injury
Epithelial cells have
specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the
body surface, lines a body cavity or
the open space of an internal organ
Epithelial cells have
specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the
body surface, lines a body cavity or
the open space of an internal organ
• Lateral surface - faces adjacent
cells on either side and may contain
gap junctions for communication
Gap Junction - used for communication
Epithelial cells have
specialized areas
• Apical (free) surface - Faces the
body surface, lines a body cavity or
the open space of an internal organ
• Lateral surface - faces adjacent cells
on either side and may contain gap
junctions for communication
• Basal surface - opposite the apical
end and adheres to the matrix
Epithelial tissue has a nerve
supply but has no blood
vessels going to it
(avascular) these cells get all
their nutrition through the
process of diffusion
Epithelial cells are classified
according to two
characteristics: Layers and
Shapes
Layer Classification
• Simple Epithelium - Single layer that
functions in diffusion, filtration,
secretion and absorption - These
cells are found in the blood vessels,
heart, air sacs and parts of the
kidney
Simple Epithelium
Layer Classification
• Stratified Epithelium - Contains two
or more layers of cells, found in
locations with considerable wear and
tear. These cells are found in the
tongue, esophagus, mouth and
vagina
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Layer Classification
• Pseudostratified Epithelium - Multiple
layers of cells with nuclei appearing
at different levels. Not all cells reach
the apical end, however all cells
reach the matrix. These cell are
found in the respiratory tract, glands
and the male reproductive tract
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Cilia
Shape Classification
• Squamous Epithelium - Flat cells,
arranged like tiles, very thin and
allow for the rapid movement of
substances
• These cells may or may not have a
keratinized surface (keratin protein)
depending on location
Keratin
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Shape Classification
• Cuboidal Epithelium - These cells are
as tall as they are wide. They are
shaped like cubes or hexagons.
These cells often have microvilli on
their apical surface
• Cuboidal Epithelium – these cells are
often found in the kidney and
salivary glands where they provide
mechanical support
Cuboidal Epithelium
Shape Classification
• Columnar Epithelium - These cells
are much taller than they are wide.
Many of these cells have cilia, they
are specialized for secretion and
absorption
• Columnar Epithelium – helps to
facilitate movement across
membranes such as in the digestive
tract
Shape Classification
• Columnar Epithelium – May also
contain hair-like projections called
Cilia. These hair-like projections help
to propel material along such as
mucous in the trachea. This is called
the muco-ciliary elevator it moves
mucous from the lungs, to the
mouth where we swallow it (often
without knowing it!)
Columnar Epithelium
Shape Classification
• Transitional Epithelium - These cells
can change shape from cuboidal to
flat (simple) in such organs as the
bladder which need to distend when
urine is present
Squamous
Cuboidal
Transitional Epithelium
Practice Quiz
The Anatomist - Gabriel Von Max (1869)
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
What Am I?
Connective Tissue
The most abundant and widely
diverse of all the basic tissue
types
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
- Support and strengthens other tissues
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
•
- Support and strengthens other tissues
- Protects and insulates internal organs
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
•
•
- Support and strengthens other tissues
- Protects and insulates internal organs
- Compartmentalizes structures
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
•
•
•
-
Support and strengthens other tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Compartmentalizes structures
Transport system for blood
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
•
•
•
•
-
Support and strengthens other tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Compartmentalizes structures
Transport system for blood
Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)
Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue has a wide variety
of functions including:
•
- Binding tissue together
•
•
•
•
•
•
-
Support and strengthens other tissues
Protects and insulates internal organs
Compartmentalizes structures
Transport system for blood
Stores energy (fat or adipose tissue)
Immune system responses
Connective Tissue
• The cells of connective tissue are
loosely spaced and embedded in an
extracellular matrix
Connective Tissue
• The cells of connective tissue are
loosely spaced and embedded in an
extracellular matrix
• The matrix may be jelly-like (Fat),
fluid (plasma), dense (cartilage),
rigid (bone) – The nature of the
matrix is determined by the function
of the particular type of connective
tissue
Connective Tissue - Blood
• Blood has a fluid matrix called
plasma in which red and white blood
cells and platelets are suspended.
• The plasma contains salt and
hormones
• As the blood flows gases are
transported, hormones and waste
materials are moved throughout the
body
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Bone forms the framework that
support the body
• Its provides a framework to anchor
muscle (Remember, tendons connect
muscle to bone and ligaments
connect bone to bone – both are
types of connective tissue)
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Bone supports the main organs of
the body
• Bone is strong and non-flexible
• Bone cells (osteocytes) are
embedded in a hard matrix
composed of calcium (Ca) and
phosphorous (P)
Connective Tissue - Bone
• Have you ever soaked a chicken
bone or an egg in vinegar? What
happens?
Connective tissue – Tendons
and Ligaments
• Tendons and ligaments contain very
little matrix
• Both are composed of fibrous tissue
and are very strong
• Ligaments have much more
flexibility than tendons
Connective tissue –
Tendons and Ligaments
Ruptured Biceps and Achilles Tendon
Connective tissue –
Tendons and Ligaments
Femur
Patellar tendon
Patella
Medial collateral
ligament
Lateral collateral
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Tibia
Left Leg
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of
connective tissue with widely spaced
cells
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of
connective tissue with widely spaced
cells
• The matrix is composed of sugars
and proteins - proteoglycans
Connective Tissue - Cartilage
• Cartilage is another type of
connective tissue with widely spaced
cells
• The matrix is composed of sugars
and proteins – proteoglycans
• Cartilage smooth the surface of bone
and acts as a shock absorber
between joints
Connective Tissue Cartilage
• In addition to being found at the end
of joints cartilage is found in the
rings of the trachea (Why do we
have cartilage here?), in the larynx,
in the nose, and in the tips of the
ears (What purpose does this
serve?)
• Consider how all these cartilage
types differ
Connective Tissue Cartilage
• Are you developing arthritis now?
Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue
• Areolar connective tissue is found
between the skin and muscle,
around blood vessels, and around
nerves
• It fills the space inside of organs and
helps to support and repair tissue
Connective Tissue – Areolar Tissue
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
• Provide Energy
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
• Provide Energy – Carbohydrates are
the chief source of energy for the
body. When carbohydrates are not
available fat can be burned for
energy
Connective Tissue – Adipose (Fat)
•
•
•
•
•
Provide energy
Absorb Vitamins (ADEK)
Maintain body temperature
Protection
Involved with forming cell
membranes and regulating the
production of sex-hormones
especially Estrogen
Images of different types
of connective tissue
Abdominal Fat – Adipose Tissue
Adipose Connective Tissue
Collagen
Elastic Fibers found in
artery
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue - Skin
Areolar Connective
Tissue – Bronchiole
Tissue
Articular
Hyaline Cartilage
Trachea
Fibrocartilage – Pubic Symphysis
Elastic – “Auricular” Cartilage of the Ear
Normal Bone
Osteoporosis Bone
Muscle the Third Basic
Tissue Type
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated
cells called muscle fibers
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated
cells called muscle fibers
• Muscle (in association with bone) is
responsible for moving our body
Muscle
• Muscle tissue consists of elongated
cells called muscle fibers
• Muscle (in association with bone) is
responsible for moving our body
• Muscle contains specialized proteins
(Actin and Myosin) called contractile
proteins which when they contract
and relax cause movement
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being
consciously controlled
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being
consciously controlled – These
muscle are called voluntary muscles
• What muscles are these?
Muscle
• Some muscles are capable of being
consciously controlled – these
muscles are called voluntary muscles
• What muscles are these?
• These are the muscles that move
your skeleton - so they are also
called skeletal muscle
Skeletal Muscle
• Under a microscope these muscle
show alternating light and dark
bands or striations of proteins –
hence they are also called striated
muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)
Skeletal Muscle
• Under a microscope these muscle
show alternating light and dark
bands or striations of proteins –
hence they are also called striated
muscle (voluntary, skeletal, striated)
• The cells of this tissue are long,
cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate
Striated Muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Some muscle cannot be controlled
voluntarily. This is called involuntary
muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Some muscle cannot be controlled
voluntarily. This is called involuntary
muscle
• Think about your digestive tract –
you cannot really speed up or slow
down the movement of food through
the system
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also
called smooth muscle
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also
called smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is also found in the
eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of
the kidney apparatus) and parts of
the reproductive tract
Smooth Muscle
• Therefore, involuntary muscle is also
called smooth muscle
• Smooth muscle is also found in the
eyes, the lungs, the ureter (part of
the kidney apparatus) and parts of
the reproductive tract
• The cells are long and pointed, they
have a single nucleus and are
unbranched
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the
heart
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the
heart
• Heart muscle cannot be consciously
controlled so it acts like smooth
muscle, but it looks very much like
skeletal muscle
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle is found only in the
heart
• Heart muscle cannot be consciously
controlled so it acts like smooth
muscle, but it looks very much like
skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle cells contain a single
nucleus are cylindrical and branched
Muscle - Cardiac
• Cardiac muscle have additional
bands of protein called intercollated
discs. These discs provide additional
strength to this muscle. Remember
your heart has to beat from before
you are born up until the day you
die.
Muscle - Cardiac
• Your heart will typically beat
between 60 – 100 times per minute.
More if you are under stress or
exercising.
• Your heart will beat more than 3
billion times in your lifetime!
Heart Attack
Lack of blood flow / oxygen
To the heart
The Fourth Basic Tissue
Type is Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue
• All cells are capable of responding to
stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)
Nervous Tissue
• All cells are capable of responding to
stimuli (this is what keeps us alive!)
• However, nerve cells are highly
specialized cells that when
stimulated are capable of
transmitting information to another
part of the body
Nervous Tissue
• The Brain, spinal cord (the central
nervous system, CNS) and the
nerves entering and exiting the
spinal cord (the peripheral nervous
system, PNS) are all composed of
nervous tissue
Typical Nerve Cell
Synapse between
the terminal end of
one nerve cell and
the dendrite of the
next nerve cell
Nerve Cells
Dendrite
Axon
Cell Body
Simple Reflex Arc
Afferent nerves are sensory nerves
that carry signals from the body
to the brain
Efferent nerves are motor nerves
that carry signals from the brain back
to the body
Interneurons connect the two types of
nerves in the brain