Consitutional Law Terms
INTRODUCTION
Civil Liberties
Civil Rights
Bill of Rights
Justiciability
 controversy
 adversarial
 ripeness
 standing
 moot
 hypotheticals
Trial Court
 plaintiff
 defendant
 civil case
 criminal case
Supreme Court
 appellant
 appellee
 writ of cert (certiorari)
 petitioner
 respondent
 amicus curiae (amicus brief)
Judicial Review
 Marbury v. Madison (1803)
 commerce clause
 "necessary and proper"
 incorporation
 14th Amendment
 textualism
 originalism
 intent of the founders/framers
 stare decisis
 balancing approach
 structuralism
 cost-benefit analysis
 precedent
 landmark Case
Decision
 affirm
 reverse
 remand
 opinion
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concurring opinion
dissenting opinion
FIRST AMENDMENT: RELIGION
 accomodationists
 separationists
 incorporation
 theism
Free Exercise
 vaild secular policy
 compelling state interest
 least restrictive means
Establishment Clause
 neutral law
 wall of separation
 valid secular policy
 advance nor inhibit
 excessive entanglement
 Lemon Test
 slippery slope
 endorsement
 coersion
 accommodation
FIRST AMENDMENT: SPEECH
 preferred freedoms
 fundamental rights
 strict scrutiny
 Footnote 4 (U.S. v. Carolene Products, 1938)
 context v. content
 sedition
 incitement
 fighting words
 content discrimination
 overbreadth
 legitimate purpose
 political speech
 obscenity
 symbolic speech
 hate speech
 free marketplace of ideas
 prior restraint
 chilling effect
 defamation
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O'Brien Test
First Amendment Landmark Cases
• Reynolds v. U.S. (1879)
Free Exercise
 Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
 Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
 Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Establishment
 Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
 Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Speech
 Schenck v. U.S. (1919)
 U.S. v. O'Brien (1968)
 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
 R.A.V. v. St. Paul (1992)
 Wisconsin v. Mitchell
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
Fourth Amendment
 double standard
 due process revolution
 warrated searches
 searches without a warrant
 probable cause
 exclusionary rule
 Miranda rights
 District Attorney; County Attorney
 grand jury
 indictment
 araignment
 basis for appeal
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Search and Seizure
 temporal and spatial limits
 totality of circumstance
 expectation of privacy
 shocked conscience rule
 stop and fristk
 automobile exception
 sporting thesis
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good faith exception
inevitable discovery
articulable suspicion
Self incrimination
 physical coercion
 psychological coercion
 interrogation
 Mirandize
 strategic deception
Fair Trial
 capital case
 loss of liberty rule
 obligatory appeal
 double jeopardy
 discretionary appeal
 petit jury
 venue
 voir dire
 peers
 transactional immunity
 use immunity
 Federal Speedy Trial Act of 1974
 preemptory challenge
 zoo trial
 sequester
8th Amendment
 Gregg standard
 Three strikes rule
 and mental retardation
Rights of the Accused Landmark Cases
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Katz v. U.S. (1967)
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Carroll v. U.S. (1925)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
U.S. v. Leon ( 1984)
Escobedo v. Illlinois (1964)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
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Ewing v. California (2003)
Atkins v. Virginia (2002)
EQUAL PROTECTION
Fourteenth Amendment
 classification
 rational basis
 heightened scrutiny
 strict scrutiny
 fundamental rights
 suspect classification
 legitimate state purpose
 least restrictive means
 Brandeis brief
 Civil Rights Acts
 compelling state interest
 affirmative action
Racial Discrimination
 John Punch
 3/5 Compromise
 Jim Crow
 de jure v. de facto
 "separate but equal"
 "all deliberate speed"
 equallity of opportunity v. equality of result
 strict scrutiny
 public accommodations
 bussing
Sex Discrimination
 heightened scrutiny
 rational basis
 Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964)
 BOQ
 Title IX
 ERA
 sexual harrassment
 hostile environment
 abusive environment
 sexual orientation
 quid pro quo
Landmark Cases
 Scott v. Sanford (1857)
 Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)
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Brown v. Board (1954)
Brown II (1955)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (1971)
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Romer v. Evans (1996)
San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
PRIVACY
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First Amendment
Third Amendment
Fourth Amendment
Fifth Amendment
Ninth Amendment
enumerated rights
inherent rights
fundamental liberties
substantive due process
rational basis
strict scrutiny
reproductive freedom
right to die
living will
assisted suicide
slippery slope
Privacy Landmark Cases
 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
 Roe v. Wade (1973)
 Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1982)
 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)