Emma Dzialo
Julia Gambardella
Nina Poloukhine
Morgan Salerno
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjyI4CmB
OA0&safe=active
 The
nervous system is a network of nerve
cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses
between parts of the body.
 2 main types of nervous systems


Central(CNS)- brain and spinal cord
Peripheral(PNS)- nervous of brain and spine


Somatic- controls voluntary activity (ie. Activation of
muscles)
Autonomic- controls involuntary activity (ie. Heart
contraction and homeostasis)
 Neuroglia-
support, insulate and protect
neurons
 Neurons- send electrical messages
throughout body
 Synapse- point of contact between neurons
 Stimuli- Changes that effect nervous system
 Neurotransmitters- chemicals that stimulate
neurons, muscles or glands
Neuron

Dendrite(s)- sends neurotransmitters toward body

Axon(s)- sends neurotransmitters away from body

Soma(Cell Body)- location of nucleolus in a neuron

End Terminal- a.k.a where Synapse occur



Surrounds the axon
essential for proper functioning of the nervous system
Effect of a damaged myelin is Multiple Sclerosis
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-
NgGKSNiNw
1.
2.
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4.
Neurotransmitters are
released from pre-synaptic
cell’s vesicle and travel down
axon.
The chemicals are released
out of the neuron’s terminal
end and into the synapse.
The dendrites of post-synaptic
neuron take the
neurotransmitter molecules
through receptor binding.
The excess chemicals in the
synapse are taken back by the
pre-synaptic neuron through
the re-uptake inhibitor.
 FX:
takes in sensory information
and responds accordingly

Made up of brain and spinal cord


Spinal Cord- responsible for
transporting information (protected by
vertebral column)
Brain- consciously and unconsciously
coordinates bodily function in
response to information it has
received (protected by cranium)
 Tract-
bundle of nerve processes in
CNS
 Efferent Neuron- conducts
impulses to muscle and glands
(away from CNS)
 Afferent Neuron- conducts
impulses toward CNS from the body
 Ganglia- collection of nerve cell
bodies outside CNS
 Grey
matter- areas dominated with cell
bodies, dendrites and synapses

FX: to process and generate signals
 White


matter- areas dominated by axons
Connects different areas of grey matter in brain
and spinal cord
FX: transmit nerve signals


Neurons- responsible for sending and receiving nerve
impulses
Glial cells- non neuronal cells which provide support,
nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and facilitate signal
transmission
 glial cells outnumber neurons in the brain 50:1
 Controls
functions of all organs in the body,
thoughts, memory, speech, movement, stress
responses, etc.
 Three
layers of tissue to cover and protect
the brain and spinal cord



Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
 Hypothalamus-
contains nerve connections
to pituitary gland

Controls: eating, sexual behavior, regluates
sleeping, body temp, emotions
 Thalamus-
pain sensation, attention, and
alertness
 Amygdala- controls feelings of fear and
aggressive behavior
 Hippocampus- ability to remember new
information
 Gland
located behind the nose
 Controls secretion of hormones which
regulates:


growth/development
FX: various body organs


kidneys, ovaries, testicles, ect.
FX: other glands

thyroid, gonads, adrenal glands
 Produced
in ventricles (hollow channels) of
brain
 Clear, watery substance that helps to cushion
the brain and spinal cord from injury
 Circulates through channels of the brain and
spinal cord


Frontal Lobe- largest of four lobes found in the front of
the brain
 controls voluntary movements: speech, intellectual and
behavioral functions, concentration, temper and
personality
Occipital Lobe- found in the back brain
 receives and processes images, depth perception, colors
and shapes


Parietal Lobe- top of brain
 a person’s memory and sensory info is received, vision,
hearing, and meaning is given to objects
Temporal Lobes- found behind the left and right ears
 Right temporal lobe responsible for visual memory,
recognizing faces and objects
 Left temporal lobe responsible for verbal memory,
remembering and understanding language, interprets
emotions and reactions
 Cerebrum-
made up of grey
matter and is responsible
for communication between
different parts of the brain
 Cerebellum- located at the
back of the brain

controls fine tunes in motor
movements, maintains
posture, senses of balance
and equilibrium


Lower extension of brain(attaches the brain to spinal
cord)
Three parts of brainstem:
 Midbrain- center for ocular motion
 Pons- involved in coordinating eye
and facial movements, facial sensation,
hearing, balance
 Medulla Oblongata- controls breathing,
blood pressure, heart rhythms, and swallowing






Olfactory- smell
Optic- visual fields; ability to see
Oculomotor- eye movements, eyelid
openings
Trochlear- eye movements
Trigeminal- facial sensations
Abducens- eye movements






Facial- eyelid closing, facial expression,
taste sensation
Auditory- hearing, sense of balance
Glossopharyngeal- taste sensation and
swallowing
Vagus- swallowing and taste sensation
Accessory- controls neck and shoulder
movements
Hypoglossal- tongue movement
 “highway
to the brain”
 Length (average):


Men: 45 cm
Women: 43 cm
 Sensory
nerves detect
touch and send the nerve
impulses to spinal cord
then to brain
 Part
of nervous system
outside brain and
spinal cord


Made up of nerve fibers
that travel to different
parts of body
FX: communicator
between CNS (brain and
spinal cord) to rest of
the body
 Somatic-
controls skeletal muscles and
external sensory organs (skin)

Voluntary (can be consciously controlled)
 Autonomic-
controls involuntary muscles
(smooth and cardiac muscles)


Parasympathetic- controls activity that increase
energy (ex. Constricting pupils, contracting
bladder)
Sympathetic- controls activity that conserve
energy (ex. Speed of heart rate, dilating pupils,
relaxing bladder)



Meningitis: inflammation of the covering od brain and
spinal cord
 Causes: headaches and neck stiffness
 Deadly if not treated
Epilepsy: abnormal electrical impulses in the brain
 Can result in seizures
Paralysis: caused by damage to spinal cord
 Carpal
tunnel syndrome: caused from
excessive pressure on median nerve (in wrist)


Causes numbness, tingling and muscle damage in
hands
Common from typing on a computer
 Amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis: progressive
degeneration of motor neurons

Causes progressive weakness of limbs, facial and
respiratory muscles

http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html

http://quizlet.com/36375426/the-nervous-system-flash-cards/

https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/spinal.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin

http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html

http://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html

http://learnzoology.wordpress.com/tag/neuron-tissue/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948687-overview

https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html

http://www.webmd.com/brain/default.htm?names-dropdown=

http://uhealthsystem.com/health-library/neuro/disorder

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/carpal_tunnel/detail_carpal_tunnel.htm

http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html

http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/nervssys/unit10/division.htm