2016 Presidential Candidates on Immigration
2016 Presidential Candidates on
Immigration
Nikita Patel
Pennsylvania State University
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2016 Presidential Candidates on Immigration
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Abstract
Immigration has been a central concept of concern for the United States for many years.
Especially with the upcoming election in the fall of 2016, politicians who are running have
already shed some light on what they consider doing about certain immigration policies and
strategies. While some politicians such as our former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,
Florida Governor Bush, and Senator Sanders focus their efforts on a wide variety of changes
in the current policies; improving border security, offering some level of amnesty to illegal
immigrants currently living in the United States, strengthening employer verification, and
establishing a new temporary guest-worker program. Others, such as Donald Trump,
Senator Ted Cruz, and Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal have a less lenient response to
amnesty for illegal immigrants and plan on building a “better” wall between the United
States and Mexico. Overall their plans of controlling our borders are to a sense that
immigration, in general, can be a bit difficult. All the politicians who are running are not
entirely similar with one another, because they all have different opinions on how to deal
with the immigration problem, both legal and illegal. They also have different ways of
implementing their way of border security. This paper outlines what each presidential
candidate’s stance is on immigration.
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There are about 11 million illegal immigrants now living in the United States
(Krogstad & Passel, 2015). On November 2014, President Obama granted deportation relief
to almost 48% of the undocumented immigrants in the United States, protecting a
significant number of them from deportation (Krogstad & Passel, 2015). Although this
portion of his executive action is at a standstill due to a lawsuit, it still remains one of the
most important decisions made on illegal immigrants. With the upcoming election in 2016,
the media has been upright in asking questions concerning the challenges the nation has
been facing. In terms of immigration, candidates are being asked what components are in
their (comprehensive) immigration reform, how will their immigration approach affect
families and communities along with affecting the nation’s rule of law?
Allowing to bring immigrants adds billions of dollars to the nation’s economy. Just in
2013, “the Congressional Budget Office estimated a net positive of $135 billion over 10
years from the bill the Senate passed” (Fyler, 2015). Contrary to that however, according to
the American Action Forum, deporting all of the undocumented workers in the United
States will cost between $400 to $600 billion in a period of 20 years (Fyler, 2015). Therefore
it is important for each candidate to have a practical plan in dealing with the undocumented
immigrants.
The next question, what happens to the children whose parents are deported? The
effect deportations have on families and communities are impactful. Deportations not only
affect those who are undocumented, but those who are citizens as well. Undocumented
families do not live in “separate and walled-off lives from the documented, but instead live
side by side in the same communities and in the same families” (Dreby, 2015). Therefore,
there is a wider effect on the community as a whole. Deportation of parents may force
children into foster care or cause severe struggles for single mothers. Applied Research
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Council has found that many U.S. citizen children of undocumented immigrants are sent to
foster care and the total care of these children places a burden on state and federal
governments (Dreby, 2015). “The total costs to foster each child (between administrative
and maintenance costs) are significantly close to $26,000 per year” (Dreby, 2015). Deporting
every undocumented immigrant would create a massive burden on our economy (American
Action Reform). Hence, it is important for immigration policy changes to be comprehensive
in terms of the effect it has on families and communities, along with our economy.
Contrary to that, it is also very important to have an immigration plan that
strengthens the nation’s rule on illegals. Having a rule of law is essential in keeping the
nation safe, whether that means to have smarter border security or better immigration laws.
24 local police chiefs and sheriffs came to a consensus about what the focus of our nation’s
rule of law should be, “Rather than require state and local agencies to engage in additional
immigration enforcement, Congress should focus on reforms to allow state and local law
enforcement to focus on resources on these very clear threats to safety: dangerous criminals,
violent crime and criminal organizations” (Fyler, 2015).
Lastly, it is important to address the issue of 11 million undocumented workers who
are not criminals, but who are workers living in a way that honors what being an American
means. Most families in the United States are those that came to, “seek freedom and a better
life for their children” (Fyler, 2015). And so, it is also important to have an immigration plan
that will honor America’s history and traditions. America’s history stands to provide
immigrants with an opportunity to abide by the law and eventually earn legal status and
citizenship (Fyler, 2015). Ali Noorani, executive director of the National Immigration
Forum, strongly disagrees with anti-immigrant policies stating, “Candidates need to be
realistic about how immigrants and immigration benefit all of us. In the long run, anti-
2016 Presidential Candidates on Immigration
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immigrant policies hurt more than a candidate’s political chances. They hurt our economy
and our country” (Fyler, 2015).
Each presidential candidate has an idea as to what his or her immigration reform
plan consists of. The effect their plan has on families and communities, the economy, and
overall on the nation’s American values. This research paper explores each presidential
candidate’s plan and viewpoints on immigration reform.
Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
According to her campaign, Hillary Clinton has shown an overall longstanding
support for America’s immigrants and has planned on ensuring a more “fair and just”
immigration system as president (Hillary for America). Instead of breaking up families,
Clinton’s plan supports keeping families together along with ensuring a more humane
immigration system. Clinton believes that immigrants help keep the nation young and
dynamic compared to America’s allies and competitors. In 2014, Clinton supported her
stance by stating, “Russia, in particular, faced what President Putin himself has called a
‘demographic crisis.’ Even China, because of its ‘One Child Policy,’ was headed towards a
demographic cliff” (Hillary Clinton on Immigration).
Clinton is a huge advocate for leading the path to full equal citizenship and her
reform plan calls for, “more humane detention practices, making it easier for families to
plead their case for leniency” and takes on the private prison industry (Seitz-Wald, 2015).
She believes “we should move away from contracting out this critical government function
to private corporations and private industry incentives that may contribute – or have the
appearance of contributing – to over-incarceration (Hillary for America). Her focus centers
on, “detaining and deporting those individuals who pose a violent threat to public safety, and
work to ensure refugees who seek asylum in the U.S. have a fair chance to tell their stories”
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(Hillary for America). Extending off that, Clinton seeks to shut down family detention for
parents and children who arrive at the border in desperate circumstances.
U.S. Senator of Vermont Bernie Sanders
Bernie Sanders has a similar viewpoint as Clinton’s when it comes to reforming the
immigration system. He supports “addressing the legal status of 11 million undocumented
people in our country, protect American jobs through visa reform, secure the border, and
protect undocumented workers from labor exploitation” (Feel The Bern). That includes
providing a path towards citizenship and supporting the DREAM Act – which calls for
permanent residency for the young, undocumented workers.
Sanders considers modernizing the immigration system as top priority. He plans on
implementing a more humane and secure immigration policy that will include:
Dismantling inhumane deportation programs and detention centers; pave the way
for swift and fair legislative roadmap to citizenship for the eleven million
undocumented immigrants; ensure our borders remain secure while respecting local
communities; regulate the flow of immigrants by modernizing the visa system and
rewriting bad trade agreements; enhance access to justice and reverse the
criminalization of immigrants; and establish parameters for independent oversight of
key U.S. Department of Homeland Security agencies (Sanders, 2016).
Although Clinton and Sanders have similar ideas, Sander’s plan compared to Clinton’s,
offers more of a detailed plan on how to detail with criminal aliens, how to regulate the flow
at our borders, and brings reform to the DHS agencies.
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Former Maryland Governor Martin O’ Malley
Martin O’ Malley’s top priority after presidency in terms of immigration reform is to,
“Use bold executive action to provide immediate relief to the millions of new Americans
waiting for comprehensive immigration reform” (O’Malley, 2015). O’Malley’s reform
stresses on the importance of America’s symbol for immigrants. When being told that
Republicans were saying border security is of top priority, O’Malley’s response was,
“The truth of the matter is, net immigration from Mexico last year was zero. Fact
check me. Go ahead. But the truth of the matter is, if we want wages to go up, we’ve
got to get 11 million of our neighbors out of off the book shadow economy, and
into the full light of an American economy. That’s what our parents and
grandparents always did. That’s what we need to do as a nation. Our symbol is the
Statue of Liberty. It is not a barbed wire fence” (O’Malley on Immigration).
Overall, there are similarities amongst the Democrats reform plan: not wanting to
build a complete border fence between U.S. & Mexico; wanting a path to citizenship and
legal status for unauthorized immigrants; and supporting Obama’s Deferred Action order
(Kurtzleben, 2015).
Former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush
Jeb Bush’s immigration reform is more Conservative than the other contenders.
Relating to the immigration problem by visiting the cities close to the border, Bush was able
to put forth a small-government conservative plan. “We don’t have to spend hundreds of
billions of dollars on fencing when we can use new technology, improve the Border Patrol’s
access to streams and rivers on the border, beef up our patrols and adopt sensible policies
like e-Verify at workplaces across the country” (Bush, 2015).
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Bush supports building a wall at the U.S.-Mexican border, along with needing a more
vigorous path to earn legal status, “where people are required to learn English, pay a fine and
taxes, pass a criminal background check, work and not receive federal government benefits”
(Bush, 2015). Similar to the Democratic candidates in terms of diversity being America’s
greatest tradition, and immigrants help to drive the nation’s economy, Bush also supports for
a limit to the reunification of unauthorized immigrants – no siblings or parents, only
birthright citizens. He clearly believes that his reform, “…isn’t amnesty. It’s a sensible
proposal that can be embraced by people across the political spectrum” (Bush, 2015).
Dr. Ben Carson (Florida)
Carson’s belief in improving our immigration system is mainly through strengthening
our borders. “Installing a double fence and using technology-driven surveillance to cut down
on the percentage of illegal crossings… You can pretty much get it to 100 percent” (Ho,
2015). Carson also believes that eliminating any benefit or incentive a person who is illegal
could get would help the illegal immigration problem. Although Carson believes that those
unauthorized immigrants who have not been problematic should not be punished, he has
not been clear on whether or not he supports a path of citizenship for those immigrants,
“If they have a pristine record, I support giving them the opportunity to register as
guest workers so they’re not living subterranean. They have to pay a back tax penalty
and they have to pay their taxes going forward, they don’t get to vote and they aren’t
citizens. But my long-term plan would be for us to allow American businesses to go
over there [Mexico], develop the acreage, create jobs and teach those people the
agricultural business, while also making profit. If we do that in Central America and
South America and help them to be able to improve their own standard of living
there, they won’t need to come here” (Ben Carson on Immigration).
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Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie
Chris Christie’s approach to the immigration issue in America is to strengthen our
borders along with keeping track of immigrants with visas who have overstayed their visit.
Similar to the other Republican candidates, Christie finds it appropriate to build a wall [only
in certain urbanized areas], and increase the manpower down at the borders (Christie, 2015).
One of the main components of Christie’s immigration plan is to require every employer in
America to use E-verify. “If every employer uses E-verify and if they violate the law, there
are fines that are so significant that the profit they make off hiring lower-wage workers and
discriminating against American workers won’t be worth their while” (Chris Christie on
Immigration).
Senator of Texas Ted Cruz
According to Cruz, the foremost issue to fix in terms of immigration is to prevent
criminals and terrorists from entering the country, and that can only be done by successfully
completing the “700 miles of priority fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border, and dedicating
the resources necessary to replace all single-layer fencing, making it technology-supported
and law enforcement accessible” (Cruz, 2015). Along with that, Cruz also wants to increase
aerial surveillance, increase the number of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
agents, and fully fund the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program to help finance the local
governments in assisting law enforcement. Cruz also hopes changes to DHS is made by
hiring the right people such as a “no-nonsense, security-focused leader as Secretary of
Homeland Security, along with empowering the Secretary to remove DHS employees who
refuse to abide by the law” (Cruz, 2015).
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Legislatively, Cruz wants to end President Obama’s amnesty, and introduce the
Immigration Slush Fund Elimination Act, which would eliminate DHS’s ability to use the
fees it collects for the provision of legal immigration services to fund amnesty (Cruz, 2015).
This Act centers on his belief that those who had followed the law and came to the country
legally should not be funding President Obama’s “illegal and unconstitutional amnesty”
(Cruz, 2015).
Businesswoman Carly Fiorina (Virginia)
Carly Fiorina suggests offering illegal immigrants already living in the United States a
pathway to legalization, but not full citizenship (Carly Fiorina on Immigration). Similar to the
other Republican candidates in the race, Fiorina suggests taking the conservative route in
dealing with illegal immigrants. However, one of the top priorities that differentiates her
from other candidates is fixing the legal immigration system first. Fiorina states,
“Half the people who are here illegally came on a legal visa and overstayed it. We
didn’t know or we didn’t do anything about it. We’re handing out border crossing
cards everyday, on the Mexican border, which permits someone to come for one day
and we never check to see if they go home. We don’t have an employer verification
system that works; it needs to be mandatory, we need to close down these sanctuary
cities so that they can’t flout the law” (Fiorina, 2015).
Former Governor of Virginia Jim Gilmore
According to Gilmore’s campaign, the only path to citizenship for illegals currently
living in the United States is a path back across the border, because no one that enters this
country illegally should be able to become a citizen (Gilmore, 2015). Gilmore disagrees with
Obama’s “open border policy” due to the number of unauthorized immigrants it has let into
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this nation. His first plan of action is to deport every illegal immigrant who is a criminal, and
to be sure that criminals cannot reenter the country (Gilmore, 2015).
However, Gilmore feels different for those illegal immigrants who are not criminals
(which has been seen to contradict his statement of sending all illegal immigrants back across
the border). For those immigrants, “should benefit from a system that works faster and
more effectively. Those who entered illegally years ago – those who pay their taxes, who
work hard to assimilate into our culture, who obey our laws and system of government and
learn to speak our language – should be given the ability to work legally” (Gilmore, 2015).
U.S. Senator of South Carolina Lindsey Graham
Lindsey Graham’s first and foremost plan on fixing the illegal immigration problem
is hiring new Border Patrol agents and completing the border fence. And similarly to his
Republican contenders, calls for a requirement of E-verify by all employers and a
requirement to deploy an electronic Entry-Exit system to all international sea ports and
airports of entry in the United States (Graham, 2015). Graham also proposes that all illegal
immigrants, “must be required to make restitution by paying steep fines, registering with the
government, paying taxes on income, learning English, and getting in line behind every
single legal immigrant if they want to apply for citizenship” (Graham, 2015). Driving out 11
million illegal immigrants is not practical for Graham, and so in order to fix the immigration
problem, he believes in securing the border, offering applications of legal status for
undocumented workers, ending federal funds for declared “sanctuary cities” that ignore the
immigration laws, and proposing an amnesty that makes it harder for illegal immigrants will
help fix the system (Lindsey Graham on Immigration).
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Former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee
Huckabee plans on building a border fence within 18 months of his presidency along
with increasing the number of arrests and deportations done on illegal aliens whom have
committed serious crimes against Americans or have joined gangs (Huckabee, 2015).
According to Huckabee, “We must build a border security fence along our Southern border,
by a date certain, using American labor and American materials. No holes, no loopholes, and
no amnesty for illegals” (Huckabee on Immigration).
However, Huckabee also wants to support a bill that would allow undocumented
immigrants to receive in-state tuition benefits. His belief is that an undocumented immigrant
is better off going to college and becoming something of high prestige while also becoming a
taxpayer, and in the process to achieve citizenship, rather than them working a low-wage job
illegally for the rest of his life. “You don’t punish a child for something his parents did”
(Huckabee, 2015). Along with receiving in-state tuition benefits, Huckabee also suggests that
the country would be in a better position if illegal immigrants were allowed scholarships for
their college education, stressing the importance education can make in changing one’s life.
Governor of Ohio John Kasich
John Kasich, unlike the other Republican candidates, speaks out against the debate
on birthright citizenship, since it is clearly stated under our 14th amendment that if someone
is born in this country, they are a citizen (John Kashich on Immigration). His immigration
reform plan focuses on border security and guest workers. Kasich backs the path to legal
status for undocumented immigrants who have been law-abiding over a period of time,
stating that most of them contribute to the country in a beneficial way (Miller, 2015).
However, Kasich also believes that those who have been here illegally should pay a fine, and
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wait till they can be legalized; “you would have a long, hard path to citizenship, however
nonetheless, a citizenship” (Miller, 2015). His overall immigration plan is to keep families
together. He states that his position on immigration “has been on that is intended to keep
families together and to give them a good place in American society” (John Kasich on
Immigration).
Former Governor of New York George Pataki
George Pataki has a record of pursuing inclusive immigration policies back when he
was the governor of New York. His plans for immigration if president coincides with the
way he dealt with immigration before. He agrees with most candidates that securing the
border is of upmost importance, and that is step one of his immigration reform plan. Step
two goes against what President Obama’s administration has done in that, “we have to stop
releasing criminals into the communities. If you are charged with a crime as an illegal alien,
you should be in jail or deported” (George Pataki on Immigration). This component of his
reform plan focuses on ending sanctuary cities, and the problem of criminal aliens in the
United States.
On the topic of birthright citizenship, Pataki has not been clear as to what his
opinion is. He simply states, “The way to avoid that [births of undocumented babies in
America] is to have an intelligent immigration policy where we know who is coming here
and why they are coming here” (George Pataki on Immigration). But his stance on the
diversity and unification immigration brings is strong, believing that immigrants come to
America seeking work, not government handouts. “We know they come to work, to strive,
to build a better life for their families. And we welcome all who come here legally” (George
Pataki on Immigration).
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U.S. Senator of Kentucky Rand Paul
Rand Paul is a strong supporter of the legal immigration process and goes entirely
against amnesty. Although Paul is a believer in America’s traditions, he also supports that
there should be a limit, especially when it comes to threatening the nation’s security (Paul,
2015). “As President, before issuing any visas or starting the legal immigration process, we
must first ensure that our border is secure” (Paul, 2015). After proper security measures,
Paul plans to [with the 11 million that are here] adjudicate work statuses for them. Paul’s
plan would also get immigrants a temporary visa but not put them ahead of anyone already
waiting for entrance into the country.
One unique aspect of Paul’s immigration reform plan is his “Trust but Verify” idea:
“My “Trust but Verify” amendment requires Congress to enforce a border security
blueprint rather than replying on bureaucracies, such as the DHS… [this] would
provide new national security safeguards to track the student visas and those
provided asylum and refugee status” (Rand Paul on Immigration).
U.S. Senator of Florida Marco Rubio
Marco Rubio’s immigration reform plan goes in hand with economic growth. His
campaign website states, “if we modernized our immigration system from a family-based one
to one focused on merit and productivity, we could grow the economy by almost a full
percentage point in the near term and raise per capital growth by over $1,500” (Rubio, 2015).
Changing the system from family-based to skills-based is key. “It has to be based on skills
you have, what you can contribute economically, and most important of all, on whether or
not you’re coming here to become an American, not just to live in America” (Marco Rubio
on Immigration).
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Rubio is also a supporter of the E-Verify system and needing an entry-exit tracking
system to prevent illegal immigration (Marco Rubio on Immigration). When it comes to
what to do with the 11 million undocumented immigrants already living in the United States,
Rubio’s plan involves them coming forward and being registered into the system. “If they
have committed serious crimes or have not been here long enough, they will have to leave.
With the E-verify system in place, they are going to find it difficult to find a job in any case”
(Rubio, 2015). And to those who do qualify will pay an application fee, a fine, undergo a
background check and learn English in order to receive a temporary nonimmigrant visa
(Rubio, 2015). After receiving it, those people will have to remain in that status for at least a
decade, and only after that will they be allowed to apply for permanent residency if they
choose to do so (Rubio, 2015).
Former U.S. Senator of Pennsylvania Rick Santorum
Rick Santorum’s immigration reform plan is known as the pro-worker plan that
protects American workers:
“Santorum proposes overhauling the H1-B visa program, limiting the number of
high-skilled workers allowed into the U.S. He said he would suspend border-crossing
cards if Mexico does not cooperate with tough enforcement, which could have a stiff
economic impact on the communities at the border. Santorum supports eliminating
birthright citizenship as an ‘incentive’ for illegal immigration, a near-impossible
political feat that would require a constitutional amendment” (Sakuma, 2015).
Santorum also perpetuated a misconception that many Americans have, “that
undocumented immigrants are stealing jobs from Americans. These immigrants are largely
unskilled and low-skilled labor competing for the same job that 74% of Americans who do
2016 Presidential Candidates on Immigration
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not have a college degree are looking for” (Sakuma, 2015). Santorum is also pushing for all
businesses to use E-Verify and to implement a biometric tracking system for every
immigrant who enters America to identify those who overstay their welcome (Santorum,
2015).
Businessman Donald Trump (New York)
Donald Trump has been known for his irrational immigration reform plans in the
media. Whether it is deporting all 11 million people back, to preventing those to enter based
on ethnicity, Trump’s plans have been seen as impractical by the media and public.
According to his campaign website, Trump has three core principles to his plan: “There
must be a wall across the southern border… Laws passed in accordance with our
Constitutional system of government must be enforced… Any immigration plan must
improve jobs, wages, and security for all Americans” (Trump, 2015). These all seem to be
very similar to the other contenders in the race. So what sets Trump apart from the rest that
has caught the media’s attention?
The unique details to Trump’s immigration reform plan sets him apart. Aside from,
“breaking up families; a massive disruption for businesses, schools, churches, communities;
potentially neighbor against neighbor – Trump’s powerful DHS would almost surely end up
mistakenly apprehending and detaining U.S. citizens. And probably deporting some of them,
too” (Strain, 2015). There would most definitely be an error rate when deporting. Not only
that but his plan also states:
“Mexico must pay for the wall and, until they do, the United States, among other
things: impound all remittance payments derived from illegal wages; increase fees on
all temporary visas issued to Mexican CEOs and diplomats (and if necessary cancel
2016 Presidential Candidates on Immigration
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them); increase fees on all border crossing cards – of which we issue about 1 million
to Mexican nationals each year” (Trump, 2015).
Altogether, the candidates have many similarities within their plans for immigration
reform. Although, some candidates had more details and components to their plans
compared to others, and others were more conservative in their action, the overall wanting
to fix the immigration system, strengthen our borders, and deal with the illegal immigrants
living in the United States today can be shown as upmost importance on each candidate’s
plan if president.
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