Hip / Low Back
Hip Anatomy - Bones
Hip Anatomy - Ligaments
Hip Anatomy - Muscles
• Abductors
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus minimus
Sartorius
Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Adductors
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Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Gluteus maximus
Hip Anatomy - Muscles
• Flexors
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Iliacus
Psoas major & minor
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Extensors
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Biceps Femoris
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Hip Anatomy - Muscles
• Internal Rotators
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Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Tensor Fasciae Latae
• External Rotators
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Biceps femoris
Gemellus inferior & superior
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Obturator externus & internus
Piriformis
Quadratus Femoris
Sartorius
Hip Injuries
• Piriformis Syndrome
– Spasm of hypertrophy
of the piriformis
muscle placing
pressure on the sciatic
nerve
– MOI: Blow to the
buttock, hyperinternal
rotation of femur
Hip Injuries
• Iliac Crest Contusion (Hip Pointer)
– MOI: Direct blow to an unprotected ilium
Hip Injuries
• Hip Dislocation
– Most hip dislocations occur when the hip is
flexed and adducted with an axial force to the
femur, displacing it posteriorly and causing
the femoral head to be driven through the
posterior capsule
Low Back Pain Statistics
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One-half of all working Americans admit to having back pain symptoms each year
Back pain is one of the most common reasons for missed work. In fact, back pain is the second
most common reason for visits to the doctor’s office, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory
infections.
Most cases of back pain are mechanical or non-organic—meaning they are not caused by serious
conditions, such as inflammatory arthritis infection, fracture or cancer.
Americans spend at least $50 billion each year on back pain—and that’s just for the more easily
identified costs.
Experts estimate that as many as 80% of the population will experience a back problem at some
time in our lives
(American Chiropractic Association)
Low Back (Lumbar) Anatomy Bones
Lumbar Anatomy - Ligaments
Lumbar Anatomy - Muscles
• Rotation
– Multifidis
• Flexion
– Rectus Abdominis
– External Oblique
– Internal Oblique
• Extension
– Iliocostalis
– Spinalis
– Longissimus
• Lateral Bending
– Internal Oblique
– External Oblique
Lordosis
Lumbar Injuries - Sciatica
• Inflammation of the sciatic
nerve.
– Causes of sciatica
• Disc herniation
• Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
• Scar tissue formation around the nerve
root
• Nerve root inflammation
• Spinal stenosis
• Synovial cysts
• Cancerous or non-cancerous tumors
Lumbar Injuries – Disc Herniation
They are often the result of repetitive motion (truck drivers/machine users)
or due to a sudden heavy loading of the back (improper lifting)
Lumbar Injuries – Spondylolysis
and Spondylolisthesis
• MOI: Pars interarticularis suffers a stress
fracture secondary to repetitive stress from
spinal extension
Lumbar Injuries – Spinal Stenosis
• A narrowing of the vertebral foramen
where the nerve root or spinal cord pass
• Causes: thickened ligaments along the
spinal canal, bony spurs, and enlarged
joint cartilage from arthritic changes
Lumbar Injury Prevention
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Technique
Proper breathing techniques
Core Strength
Maintain a healthy diet and weight.
Remain active
Avoid prolonged inactivity or bed rest.
Warm up or stretch before exercising or other physical activities.
Maintain proper posture.
Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
Sleep on a mattress of medium firmness to minimize any curve in your
spine.
Lift with your knees, keep the object close to your body, and do not twist
when lifting.
Quit smoking. Smoking impairs blood flow, resulting in oxygen and nutrient
deprivation to spinal tissues
(American Chiropractic Association)
Core Strengthening
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