What color is
the sun?
• Contrary to popular belief,
the sun is actually white!
• When viewed from
outside our atmosphere
the sun appears white.
Why?
The Sun as Seen by ISS
Image via Nasa.gov
RAINBOWS!
How does a Rainbow Form
White Light is Composed of all Colors:
ROY G BIV
WHITE LIGHT
PRISM
White Light is Composed of all Colors:
ROY G BIV How Does a
WHITE LIGHT
PRISM
Prism Work?
• As light enters a new material or medium
(e.g. from air to glass) it changes speed which
causes it to bend or refract.
• Different colors of light bend different
amounts. Thus, white light separated into a
full rainbow of colors.
Simple Refraction Demo
Arrow and a
glass cup.
• Why Does the Sun
Appear to be Yellow?
•
A simple explanation is that all the particles
in our atmosphere filter out all the colors but
yellow making the sun appear yellow.
•
Likewise, grass is green because the pigment
chlorophyll inside of grass is very good at
absorbing blue and red light, leaving the
green to be reflected.
• Why are Sunrises and
Sunsets Red/Orange?
•
At dawn/dusk the sun has to
travel through a longer path in the
atmosphere to reach us which
scatters out the blue normally
making up our sky color.
X
The size of our atmosphere is
EXTREMELY exaggerated!
EARTH
If Earth was the Size of an Apple
• The atmosphere would
be much thinner than
the skin on the apple.
• The atmosphere is
about 60 miles thick
whereas earth has a
radius of about 4,000
miles.
How Does a
Rainbow Form?
Sunlight strikes water droplets in the
atmosphere. The water droplets behave
like a prism and separate the light into a
full rainbow of colors.
THE SUN MUST BE AT YOUR BACK TO SEE A
RAINBOW
As white sunlight
enters a raindrop it
refracts into a full
spectrum of color.
Refraction
The light will then
reflect or bounce off
the opposite side of
the drop and exit on
the same side it
entered (refracting
again!)
Reflection
Refraction
Activity: Grab a
spectroscope and use it to
look at the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Sunlight (not directly)
Fluorescent Light
Helium Tube
Oxygen Tube
Hydrogen Tube
Use colored pencils and
markers to draw the
spectral lines (color
pattern). Explain the
differences that you see.
Image via openstax
When light passes through a diffraction
grating (slit) of a certain size it the light
separates into its respective colors.
In this unit we want to understand what
creates light and why each element has
a unique set of spectral lines. In order
to do that we need to take a deeper look
at electrons…
Spectroscopic Analysis
• Astronomy! We can’t
get to the stars so
spectral analysis is
crucial to understand
what these objects are
made of.
• Helium was discovered
on the sun before it was
found on Earth.
How Light Forms
2-8-8-2 rule
[1] Energy strikes an atom
[2] Electrons in their
grounds state become
excited and jump up to a
higher energy level
[3] Electrons in higher energy levels
are unstable. They drop back down
to their ground state and emit the
energy they absorbed.
[4] That energy is emitted as photons
or small packets of light
Light
Wave Mechanical Atom (Lab)
• Understanding electrons allows us to understand light and
how and why atoms join together.
• Electron location is based upon probability.
• Electrons orbits are quantized.
STUDENTS PLEASE DON’T FART
•
•
•
•
S (2 electrons)
P (6 electrons)
D (10 electrons)
F (14 electrons)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Draw the numbers 1-7 down and put an s after them
Draw the numbers 2-7 and put a p after them.
Draw the numbers 3-6 and put a d after them
Draw the numbers 4-7 and put an f after them
Inset arrows diagonally starting with the 1s
Follow the the arrows (top to bottom) and write the order out.
Now insert the SPDF numbers as exponents.
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
7p
Aufbau Principle
S(2) P(6) D(10) F(14)
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
7d
4f
5f
6f
7f
Writing the standard,
ground state electron
configuration order.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d107p6
Orbital shape
Containers that
hold electrons
2
1s
Energy Level
# of Electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
Practice Configuration and Boxes
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Fluorine
• Neon-21
• Al3+
You have to fill up one orbital before going into the next one!
HANDOUT
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Hund’s Rule
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Aufbau Principle
__
__
1s2
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__
1s2
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__
1s2
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p6
4s2
3d10
4p6
5s2
4d10
5p6
6s2
4f14
__
__
1s2
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
2
2p
Sulfur
3s2
3d10
4p6
6s2
4f14
__
__
1s2
__
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __
__
__ __ __ __ __ __
6s2
4f14
__
__
1s2
__
__
1s2
__
__
1s2
Neon2s
6
6
3p
Krypton
__ __ __
2
4s
Oxygen
__
Nitrogen
Mg2+5s
__
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __
2
S2-4d
10
__ __ __ __ __
6
10
2s2 in the
2p6 diagram
3s2
3p
4s2 out3d
4p6 configuration
5s2
4d10
Fill
and
write
the
electron
__ __ __
__ __ __
14C5p
6
__ __ __
5p6
7s2
6p
6s2
5d10
6
4f14
5s2
5p
4p
4s2
3s2
2s2
4d10
6
3d10
6
3p
6
2p
6
Hydrogen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium
1s2
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Valence Electrons
1s
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
7p
3d
4d
5d
6d
7d
4f
5f
6f
7f
• Electrons in the outermost
energy level of an atom.
• The most important electrons in
an atom, they determine
chemical bonds and properties.
• They are the furthest from the
Nucleus and therefore, when
two atoms/molecules come into
contact with one another it is
the outer electrons that interact
first.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d10
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2…
• Determine the number of Valence Electrons
• Carbon
• Neon
• Argon
• Iron
1. First you need to
determine the total
number of electrons
each element has.
2. You need to write
out its ground state
electron
configuration.
3. Count the number of
electrons in the
highest energy level.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2…
• Determine the number of
Valence Electrons
• Carbon 1s22s22p2 =4
• Neon 1s22s22p6 =8
• Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6 =8
• Iron 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 =2
Handout
1. First you need to
determine the total
number of
electrons each
element has.
2. You need to write
out its ground state
electron
configuration.
3. Count the number
of electrons in the
highest energy
level.
Column Number 1A-8A is the number of Valence electrons
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Selenium
Tin
Strontium
Krypton
Iodine
Potassium
Sodium
Gallium
How Many Valence
Electrons?
18 8A
1 1A
Alkali
Metals
1
H
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Transition
Lanthanides Actinides
Metals
Other
Metals
Metalloids
Other
Halogens
Nonmetals
Noble
Gases
2
http://www.vincentsapone.com
He
Helium
Hydrogen
1.0079
3
2 2A
13 3A
4
Li
Be
Lithium
6.941
Beryllium
11
12
5
All column 1A elements have 1
valence electron
9.0122
Na Mg
Sodium
22.990
Magnesium
19
20
24.305
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
10
28
11
12
29
30
14
4A
6
15
5A
7
16 6A
8
17
7A
4.003
9
10
Ne
B
C
N
O
F
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
10.811
12.011
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Potassium
39.098
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
40.078
44.956
47.88
50.942
51.996
54.938
55.933
58.933
58.693
63.546
65.39
69.732
72.61
74.922
78.09
79.904
84.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Xe
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Nb Mo
87.62
88.906
91.224
92.906
95.94
55
56
72
73
74
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
98.907
101.07
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.411
114.818
118.71
121.760
127.6
126.904
131.29
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Rn
Molybdenum Technetium
Cs
Ba
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Cesium
132.91
Barium
57-71
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
137.33
178.49
180.948
183.85
186.207
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.967
200.59
204.383
207.2
208.980
[208.982]
209.987
222.018
87
88
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Francium
[223]
Radon
89-103
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
[261]
[262]
[266]
[264]
[269]
[268]
[269]
[272]
[277]
unknown
[289]
unknown
[298]
unknown
unknown
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
La
Ce
[226]
Atomic mass in
[brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
*
Lanthanum Cerium
140.115
138.906
89
**
90
Pr
Nd Pm Sm
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
Cn Uut
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Fl
Uup Lv
Uus Uuo
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
140.908
144.24
144.24
150.36
151.966
157.25
158.925
162.50
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
174.967
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Cf
Es
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Actinium
227.028
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Pu Am Cm
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Bk
232.038
231.036
238.029
237.048
244.064
243.061
247.070
247.070
Californium Einsteinium
251.080
[254]
Fm Md No
Lr
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
257.095
258.1
259.101
[262]
18 8A
1 1A
Alkali
Metals
1
H
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Transition
Lanthanides Actinides
Metals
Other
Metals
Metalloids
Other
Halogens
Nonmetals
Noble
Gases
2
http://www.vincentsapone.com
He
Helium
Hydrogen
1.0079
3
2 2A
13 3A
4
Li
Be
Lithium
6.941
Beryllium
11
12
5
All column 2A elements have 2
valence electrons
9.0122
Na Mg
Sodium
22.990
Magnesium
19
20
24.305
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
10
28
11
12
29
30
14
4A
6
15
5A
7
16 6A
8
17
7A
4.003
9
10
Ne
B
C
N
O
F
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
10.811
12.011
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Potassium
39.098
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
40.078
44.956
47.88
50.942
51.996
54.938
55.933
58.933
58.693
63.546
65.39
69.732
72.61
74.922
78.09
79.904
84.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Xe
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Nb Mo
87.62
88.906
91.224
92.906
95.94
55
56
72
73
74
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
98.907
101.07
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.411
114.818
118.71
121.760
127.6
126.904
131.29
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Rn
Molybdenum Technetium
Cs
Ba
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Cesium
132.91
Barium
57-71
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
137.33
178.49
180.948
183.85
186.207
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.967
200.59
204.383
207.2
208.980
[208.982]
209.987
222.018
87
88
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Francium
[223]
Radon
89-103
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
[261]
[262]
[266]
[264]
[269]
[268]
[269]
[272]
[277]
unknown
[289]
unknown
[298]
unknown
unknown
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
La
Ce
[226]
Atomic mass in
[brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
*
Lanthanum Cerium
140.115
138.906
89
**
90
Pr
Nd Pm Sm
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
Cn Uut
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Fl
Uup Lv
Uus Uuo
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
140.908
144.24
144.24
150.36
151.966
157.25
158.925
162.50
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
174.967
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Cf
Es
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Actinium
227.028
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Pu Am Cm
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Bk
232.038
231.036
238.029
237.048
244.064
243.061
247.070
247.070
Californium Einsteinium
251.080
[254]
Fm Md No
Lr
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
257.095
258.1
259.101
[262]
18 8A
1 1A
Alkali
Metals
1
H
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Transition
Lanthanides Actinides
Metals
Other
Metals
Metalloids
Other
Halogens
Nonmetals
Noble
Gases
2
http://www.vincentsapone.com
He
Helium
Hydrogen
1.0079
3
2 2A
13 3A
4
Li
Be
Lithium
6.941
Beryllium
11
12
5
All column 3A elements have 3
valence electrons and so on…
9.0122
Na Mg
Sodium
22.990
Magnesium
19
20
24.305
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
10
28
11
12
29
30
14
4A
6
15
5A
7
16 6A
8
17
7A
4.003
9
10
Ne
B
C
N
O
F
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
10.811
12.011
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Potassium
39.098
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
40.078
44.956
47.88
50.942
51.996
54.938
55.933
58.933
58.693
63.546
65.39
69.732
72.61
74.922
78.09
79.904
84.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Xe
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Nb Mo
87.62
88.906
91.224
92.906
95.94
55
56
72
73
74
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
98.907
101.07
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.411
114.818
118.71
121.760
127.6
126.904
131.29
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Rn
Molybdenum Technetium
Cs
Ba
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Cesium
132.91
Barium
57-71
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
137.33
178.49
180.948
183.85
186.207
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.967
200.59
204.383
207.2
208.980
[208.982]
209.987
222.018
87
88
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Francium
[223]
Radon
89-103
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
[261]
[262]
[266]
[264]
[269]
[268]
[269]
[272]
[277]
unknown
[289]
unknown
[298]
unknown
unknown
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
La
Ce
[226]
Atomic mass in
[brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
*
Lanthanum Cerium
140.115
138.906
89
**
90
Pr
Nd Pm Sm
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
Cn Uut
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Fl
Uup Lv
Uus Uuo
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
140.908
144.24
144.24
150.36
151.966
157.25
158.925
162.50
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
174.967
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Cf
Es
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Actinium
227.028
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Pu Am Cm
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Bk
232.038
231.036
238.029
237.048
244.064
243.061
247.070
247.070
Californium Einsteinium
251.080
[254]
Fm Md No
Lr
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
257.095
258.1
259.101
[262]
18 8A
1 1A
Alkali
Metals
1
H
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Transition
Lanthanides Actinides
Metals
Other
Metals
Metalloids
Other
Halogens
Nonmetals
Noble
Gases
2
http://www.vincentsapone.com
He
Helium
Hydrogen
1.0079
3
2 2A
13 3A
4
Li
Be
Lithium
6.941
Beryllium
11
12
9.0122
5
All column 8A elements have 8
valence electrons except helium (2ve)
Na Mg
Sodium
22.990
Magnesium
19
20
24.305
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
10
28
11
12
29
30
14
4A
6
15
5A
7
16 6A
8
17
7A
4.003
9
10
Ne
B
C
N
O
F
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
10.811
12.011
14.007
15.999
18.998
20.180
13
14
15
16
17
18
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
26.982
28.086
30.974
32.066
35.453
39.948
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Potassium
39.098
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
40.078
44.956
47.88
50.942
51.996
54.938
55.933
58.933
58.693
63.546
65.39
69.732
72.61
74.922
78.09
79.904
84.80
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Xe
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Rubidium
85.468
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Nb Mo
87.62
88.906
91.224
92.906
95.94
55
56
72
73
74
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
98.907
101.07
102.906
106.42
107.868
112.411
114.818
118.71
121.760
127.6
126.904
131.29
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Rn
Molybdenum Technetium
Cs
Ba
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Cesium
132.91
Barium
57-71
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
137.33
178.49
180.948
183.85
186.207
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.967
200.59
204.383
207.2
208.980
[208.982]
209.987
222.018
87
88
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Fr
Ra
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Francium
[223]
Radon
89-103
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
[261]
[262]
[266]
[264]
[269]
[268]
[269]
[272]
[277]
unknown
[289]
unknown
[298]
unknown
unknown
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
La
Ce
[226]
Atomic mass in
[brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
*
Lanthanum Cerium
140.115
138.906
89
**
90
Pr
Nd Pm Sm
Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium
Cn Uut
Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium
Fl
Uup Lv
Uus Uuo
Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
140.908
144.24
144.24
150.36
151.966
157.25
158.925
162.50
164.930
167.26
168.934
173.04
174.967
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Cf
Es
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Actinium
227.028
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Pu Am Cm
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Bk
232.038
231.036
238.029
237.048
244.064
243.061
247.070
247.070
Californium Einsteinium
251.080
[254]
Fm Md No
Lr
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
257.095
258.1
259.101
[262]
Lewis Dot Structures
Column # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s
Dot structures dots represent valence electrons.
Six V.E.s
Valence electrons are electrons in the
outermost energy level of an atom.
Important for Bonding!!!
+8
The shell model on the right
shows an oxygen atom with 8
total electrons. How many of
them are valence electrons?
O
We draw it like this:
The element symbol in the middle with
dots drawn around it. Starting from the
right, draw one dot on each side in a
clockwise fashion and then double up the
dots if necessary.
Key Concept:
• Shell diagrams show ALL electrons
• Lewis Dot Structures show only the
outermost ring (valence electrons)
Lewis Dot Structures
Column # 1 A-8A = #V.E.s
Draw Dot Structures
C
Carbon is in
Column 4A so it
has four Valence
electrons!
Lewis Dot Structures
1VE
2VEs
3VEs
4VEs
X
X
X
X
5VEs
6VEs
7VEs
8VEs
X
X
X
X
Period 2 Lewis Structures
1VE
2VEs
3VEs
Li Be B
5VEs
6VEs
N
O
7VEs
4VEs
C
8VEs
F Ne
Patterns in Electron Configuration
*
**
*
**
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d10
H
1s1
Li Be
2s1 2s2
S
P
D
F
Na Mg
3s1 3s2
He
1s2
B C N O F Ne
2p1 2p2 2p3 2p4 2p5 2p6
Al Si P S Cl Ar
3p1 3p2 3p3 3p4 3p5 3p6
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4s1 4s2 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d5 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d10 3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p5 4p6
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5s1 5s2 4d1 4d2 4d4 4d5 4d5 4d7 4d8 4d10 4d10 4d10 5p1 5p2 5p3 5p4 5p5 5p6
Cs Ba
6s1 6s2
*
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
5d2 5d3 5d4 5d5 5d6 5d7 5d9 5d10 5d10 6p1 6p2 6p3 6p4 6p5 6p6
Fr Ra
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
**
7s1 7s2
6d2 6d3 6d4 6d5 6d6 6d7 6d8 6d10 6d10
http://www.vincentsapone.com
*
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
5d1 4f15d1 4f3 4f4 4f5 4f6 4f7 4f75d1 4f9 4f10 4f11 4f12 4f13 4f14 5s1
**
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
6d1 6d2 5f26d1 5f36d1 5f46d1 5f6 5f7 5f76d1 5f9 5f10 5f11 5f12 5f13 5f14 6d1
Why does each element have a unique
set of spectral lines?
1. Each color of light has a specific
size/wavelength/energy.
2. Each atom has a unique electron
configuration resulting in different
amounts of energy being given off
when an electron jumps back down.
3. Also each atom has difference energy
characteristics since the number of
protons differs between atoms.
Light is Electromagnetic Radiation
• Visible Light is just a
small part of the total
spectrum of Light
Full Electromagnetic Spectrum
Some Infrared Photos
Ultraviolet Radiation
BLACK LIGHTS
Flame Test Lab!!!!!