Name:___________________________
General Chemistry Chapter 7 Note Packet
Learning Objectives
1. Define and explain bonding in organic compounds.
2. Write names and structural formulas for basic alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes and cyclic compounds.
3. Identify isomers of given organic compounds.
4. Identify, write names and structures for compounds
containing common types of functional groups.
5. Differentiate between polymers and monomers.
6. Differentiate between copolymers and homopolymers.
In chemistry, Organic refers to any __________________
compound.
Since C readily forms covalent bonds with many elements
and with other carbons, this gives millions of possible
compounds!!!
C has a _______________________ configuration giving it
__________ valence e-.
To fill its octet C needs an additional ____________ so it will
(nearly) always form four bonds.
C atoms readily bond to other C atoms and can form single,
_____________ and _____________ bonds as well as long
chains and rings of C’s bonded together.
In organic compounds, C most commonly bonds with
________, _______, ________ and halogens.
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Name:___________________________
Hydrocarbons are the most basic class of ___________
compounds. They are compounds composed of _______
and ________ only
Since the C-H bond is non-polar, hydrocarbons are
____________________ compounds.
Compounds with only single bonds are called
______________ and end with “ane”. ie. ____________
Compounds with at least one double bond are called
______________ and end with “ene”. ie. ____________
Compounds with at least one triple bond are called
______________ and end with “yne”. ie. ____________
Compounds with a ring structure have the prefix
_______________ ie. _________________
In writing formulas for organics we always use the molecular
formula (although it may sometimes also be the empirical
formula).
Ex: acetylene is written ____________ not __________
It is often more useful to write out the structural formula
which shows in what order the atoms are bonded to each
other.
Ex: Propane ____________
Structural:
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Name:___________________________
Types of representation: propane
Molecular formula – ____________________
Structural formula – Fully drawn
Structural formula – abbreviated
____________________
Ball and stick
Skeletal structure – change direction at each C – only
__________________ features are shown
Isomers – Are compounds which have the same _________
formulas but different _______________. These are very
common in organic chemistry which is why we don’t normally
use molecular formulas to show a specific compound.
Ex: C6H12 isomers
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Name:___________________________
The written names for organics can be very long. This is
because the name describes the _____________________
of the molecule.
The rules for naming compounds are given by the IUPAC.
________________ are used in the names to tell where on
the molecule a certain feature is located.
Ex:
The basis of naming organic compounds (organic
nomenclature) is identifying the C backbone or _________
and then telling what is attached to it and ___________.
The number of C’s chained together are given by the
following prefixes:
Number of
carbons
1
Prefix
Number of
carbons
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
10
Prefix
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Name:___________________________
To name a simple hydrocarbon, choose the prefix that tells
how many C’s are in the chain and then add the ending that
indicates all single bonds.
Ex: 1 carbon = ___________
all single bonds = ________
name = _______________
3 carbons = _________
all single bonds = __________
name = ________________
If there are ___________ or ___________ bonds in the
molecule indicate it by using the ene or yne endings. You
must also tell where the multiple bond is by using numbers.
Ex:
4 C’s and a double bond= __________________
The double bond starts on
The double bond starts on
the 1st C,
the 2nd C,
_____________
_______________
The carbons are numbered from one end to the other so that
the C where the double bond starts has the _____________
number possible.
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Name:___________________________
Practice: Name or draw the structure for the following
Heptane
2-pentyne
Branched hydrocarbons are compounds where the C’s are
not all in a straight chain. Count the __________________
possible and use this as the “backbone” of the molecule.
Use the same numbering rules as previously and tell what C
chains are attached to the backbone and where. Side chains
use the C number prefix and a “yl” ending.
Ex: The longest chain has 5 C’s
and no double bonds
___________________
there is a 1 C group (methyl) on
the 3rd C in the chain. ________________
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Name:___________________________
Ex2:
The longest chain has _________ C’s, no multiple bonds so,
_____________
On the 4th C, there is a 2 C group – ___________
Also on the 4th C there is a 1 C group - _______________
_____________________________
Mixed branching and multiple bonds!
Find the longest chain, tell what and where the features are.
Longest chain is 5 = _____________
Double bond on the 2nd(!) C = _____________________
A 1 C group on the 3rd C = _________________________
Practice: Name the following
_____________________________
Draw the structure for: 3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-hexyne
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Name:___________________________
For ring structures, C number 1 is where the 1st feature
starts, then count clockwise around the ring
6 C ring with a double bond
___________________
C number 1 is where the
double bond starts so the
methyl group is on C number 3
____________________________
Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms that are
attached to the hydrocarbon chain. The addition of a
functional group can greatly change the _______________
of the compound. Functional groups can contain any
element but the most common ones contain ________,
______, _______, and halogens.
Common Functional Groups:
Halide – A halogen attached to the chain. The ___________
will always have only 1 ___________ bond.
Named as: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
Ex:
1-chloroethane
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Name:___________________________
2,3-dibromo-1-butene
1,2,3-trifluoropropane
Alcohol – Contain the group O-H bonded to C. Designated
by an ____________ suffix (or a “hydroxy” prefix). The O is
bonded to the chain.
Ex:
ethanol
1-propenol
2-methyl-3-hexanol
1,4-cyclohexadiol
Amine – Contain an NH2 group bonded to the chain. Amines
are named by the prefix _______________
The N is bonded to C.
Ex: 2-amino propane
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Name:___________________________
2-amino-1-pentene
3-amino-1-butanol
Ether – Contains an O in the ________________ bonded to
2 different C’s. Named by telling what is on each side of the
O and then the word “ether”
Ex: methylethyl ether
diethyl ether
Aldehyde – Contains an O ______________ bonded to the
1st or last C in the chain. Named with the suffix “al”.
Ex: propanal
2-methyl butanal
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Name:___________________________
Ketone – Contains an O doubly bonded to a C that is not at
the end of the chain. Named with the suffix ___________
(pronounced “own”).
Ex: propanone
2-hexanone
3-chloro-2-heptanone
Carboxylic Acid- Contains the group where the C has an O
and an OH bonded to it. The C is also bonded to the chain.
Named with the suffix _______________
Ex: propanoic acid
3-amino hexanoic acid
1-fluoro butanoic acid
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Name:___________________________
Polymers
A polymer is a molecule that is composed of a __________
molecule bonded to itself over and over again to form a huge
molecule. Polymers can have _____________ of units
bonded together.
A monomer is the _______________ unit used to make up
a polymer.
A great many different additives are mixed into polymers to
alter their _________________. These include pigments,
fillers, plasticizers (phthalates).
Crosslinking agents- bind polymer strands together.
Homopolymers –Only _______________ of monomer
A – A – A –A – A
Copolymers – __________________ monomers
A–B–A–B–A
Making polymers:
Addition – monomers add together – no compounds
released in reaction.
Condensation – monomers add with _______________
released in reaction – often water
Types of polymers: List at least 10!
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