From 2-D to 3-D Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry 1 Moving on to Shapes • A chemical formula tells us The identity of atoms The number of atoms • The Lewis structure tells us The identity of atoms The number of atoms How the atoms and electrons are arranged. • The molecular geometry tells us The identity of atoms The number of atoms How the atoms and electrons are arranged The 3-d shape of that atom arrangement. 2 VSEPR Model • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion • A fancy name for a simple model. • A model used to sort out how the bonding and nonbonding electrons orient themselves in three dimensions In the model, pairs of electrons arrange themselves to get as far away from each other as possible in order to minimize their negative repulsions. 3 Vocabulary • Electron Domain a region around a central atom where electrons are likely to be located. Bonding pair - a pair of electrons between two nuclei. Unshared pair (nonbonding pair, lone pair) - a pair of electrons Multiple bonds - double or triple bonds make up a single domain. • Consider O3 three domains around the central oxygen. Bonding pair Unshared pair Multiple bond 4 Electron Domain Geometry • • • • 2 domains Build it with a styro-ball and 2 toothpicks Linear Angle 180º 5 Electron Domain Geometry • • • • 3 domains Build it with styro-ball and 3 toothpicks Trigonal Planar Angles 120º 6 Electron Domain Geometry • 4 domains • Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks • Build it with the model kit. Find a ball with 4 holes. Stick in 4 stubby gray bonds • Tetrahedral • Angles 109.5º 7 Electron Domain Geometry • • • • • 5 domains Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks Build it with your model kit. Use the ball with 5 holes. Trigonal bipyramidal Angles 120º 90º 180º 8 Electron Domain Geometry • • • • • 6 domains Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks Build it with the model kit. Find the ball with 6 holes. Octahedral Angles 90º 9 Five Fundamental Domain Arrangements 10 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB2 Example: CO2 SCN− C 2H 2 • 2 electron domains Linear domains • 0 nonbonding domains • Linear molecule • Bond Angles 180º 11 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB3 Examples BF3 CH2O NO3− (CH3)2CO • 3 electron domains Trigonal planar • 0 nonbonding domains • Trigonal planar molecule • Bond Angles 120º 12 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB2 Examples: O3 NO2− • 3 electron domains Trigonal planar • 1 nonbonding domain • Bent molecule • Bond Angles < 120º the unshared pair takes up more space and repels the bonding domains closer together. 13 Ozone • O3 • 3 domains = trigonal planar domains • 1 unshared pair = bent molecule 14 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB4 Examples CH4 CF2H2 • 4 electron domains Tetrahedral • 0 nonbonding domain • Tetrahedral molecule • Bond Angles 109.5º 15 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB3 Examples NH3 PCl3 • 4 electron domains Tetrahedral • 1 nonbonding domain • Trigonal pyramidal molecule • Bond Angles < 109.5º 16 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB2 Examples H 2O CH3OH • 4 electron domains Tetrahedral • 2 nonbonding domain • Bent molecule • Bond Angles << 109.5º Two unshared pairs take up even more space and force the bonding domains closer together. 17 Bond Angles • Resketch the molecular shapes of CH4, NH3, and H2O. • Consider the bond angles. • Unshared pairs take up more space than bonding pairs. 18 More on Bond Angles • Sketch the Lewis structure for CCl2O. • Consider the bond angles. • Multiple bonds bulge and take up more space that single bonds. 19 Build a Trigonal Bipyramidal Structure • Consider the five positions different or the same? • There are two different positions in this expanded octet molecule 2 Axial positions 3 Equatorial positions 20 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB5 Example PCl5 • 5 electron domains Trigonal bipyramidal • 0 nonbonding domain • Name? Trigonal bipyramidal molecule • Bond Angles 90º, 120º, 180º 21 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB4 Example SF4 • 5 electron domains Trigonal bipyramidal • 1 nonbonding domain • Name? See saw molecule • Bond Angles < 90º, < 120º, 180º 180º 22 Where does the unshared pair end up? Always the equatorial position • • • The unshared pair takes up more space. Repulsion forces are minimized if the unshared pair is in the equatorial position. Only 2 (not 3) of its nearest neighbors are 90º away 23 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB2 Example ClF3 • 5 electron domains Trigonal bipyramidal • 2 nonbonding domains • Name? T-shape molecule • Bond Angles < 90º, 180º 180º 24 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB2 Examples XeF2 I3-1 • 5 electron domains Trigonal bipyramidal • 3 nonbonding domains • Name? Linear molecule • Bond Angles 180º 25 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB6 Example SF6 • 6 electron domains Octahedral • 0 nonbonding domain • Name? Octahedral molecule • Bond Angles 90º, 180º 26 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB5 Example BrF5 • 6 electron domains Octahedral • 1 nonbonding domain • Name? Square pyramidal molecule • Bond Angles < 90º 27 Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB4 Example XeF4 • 6 electron domains Octahedral • 2 nonbonding domains • Name? Square planar molecule • Bond Angles 90º, 180º 28 2, 3, 4 domains 4-tetrahedron 3-trigonal planar 4-trigonal pyramid 3-bent (~120) 4-bent (~109.5) 2-linear 2 atom molecules: 29 5, 6 domains 5-trigonal bipyramid octahedral 5-see saw square pyramid 5-T-shape square planar 5-linear 30 SO3 CO NO3 O2 ClO N2O CO2 − − CO − CO O22− SO NO ClO 3 3 −2 − N −O + −SCN AsF CH 4 NH SF XeF 4 − CI2H2 54 CN CO2 6SO3BrF5NO3ClO CH2O 4O NO SOCO 3 2 2 −−− SO O2 − SCN − CO ClO N − 2 2O SO NO ICl BrF NO Cl − 3 3 − SCN 4 4 CO O CO 2 2 ClO N O O3 ONO −2 CO 2O 2 ClO− SON22O 2 CO O 2 ClO N2O − − − CH2O− O SO 3− 2 NO 2 − 3 SONO 2 2− CO O 3 2 2− + SCN CO tetrahedron trigonal planar ClO N O − + 23 4 H − ClO NH CI 4 ClO4SO 3 CH 3O 2 H2 4 SOSO 2 4 NH H2 O O3 ICl4NO2BrF 2NO − − SO NO3−− − 3 SCN CO SO NO − 2 − 3 3 SO NO 3 3 SCN CO + SCN CO2 + CH2O CH O NO O3O NO−2 SO 2O 3 − 32 NO BF NO − 2 SO3 O4− ClO CH− 4 −CH NH4 NHCO CI NO + 2 H2 CF − 3 2 SCN CO CO O − ClO N O 2 2 CI 2 4 4 4 2 H2 ClO − 2− SO3 2− NO + O − 2 3 ClO N O − 2 + SCN SO SO NH H O − − CO + 4 3 3 3 O −CHO22O BF 2 O NO SO 3 2 SeF2 N2OCI22H ClO H O ClO NO 2 O2 oops − O4 CH4 ClO3NH CF ClO− N2O 4NO 2 3 3H O3 2 CO CH NO SO − 2O 2 2 CH O O NO SO 2 3 2 2 − SFClO 4 4−SeCl 4+ 4 CH NH4+ CI2H2 CH−−2O O3 NO42−− SO iF PCl 2−5 2− 5 +oops 2− 2− ClO CH24 SONH − SO NH H O NH − 4 − SO4 3 SO 3 NO − 3− 3 H3O ClOCH 3 O O NO SO − SeF H O ClO 2 3 2 2 − 3 3 2 2 2 SO SCN CO 3NO3 CH 3 2O+− 2 3 N 2− COSO OCO NO SO CO 2− 2− 3H ClO 2 NO − 2SO3 + 2ClO 3 − SCN + CH NH CI H CH NH CI 2 − − + − 4 2SF 2 44 3 CH4NH 4 NH 2 2 SO SeCl 3 4 NO3 O4 ClO SO 3 4 H4CI 3O SiF54 SCN PCl4 5 CO 2 H2 2 4 trigonal pyramid bent (~120) 2− + − − − 2− − + − − SO SO NH H O ClF− 3 ClO3SF IF SF SeCl 4 3 3 3 3SeF2−XeCl 2 2 4 4 ClO CH NH −PCl H O ClO 4+ 4 42− CI2H2− 2 SiF 25 25 − + − O23O SeF H O ClO 2− 2− −2 +SOCH4 NHNHH SO SO NH O3 2−2 −NO22−2 SO ClO CI H 2 4 3 4 4 2 2 SO O CH O O NO + 4 3 3 3 ClO CH NH CI H 2 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 O3 −SO SO 2− 2− + 2 2 SONO SO NH H O 4 3 3 3 − −2− 4 3 2O NH 3 2 − H3 O ClF3 −CHSF XeCl IF O3 SeF 3 2 NO 2SOH O O SO2 2 3 2 CHClO O O NO SO 2 3 2 2 − − −− + ClO SeF H ClO 2− + − 2 ClO − −2O − 3 2 + 2− O CH NH CI H SeF H ClO422− 4 4 4 2 2 2− 2− + 3 − − 3 2− XeCl SO NH H O 3 2 IF2 2O SO ClF SF 3 3 SiF 2 + I3 ClO3SF − + 6+SeF2 BrF 6O3 42− 6 − H2SO ClO SO SO NH H O 2 4 3 3 3 SO3 NH H33O ClO CH ClO SeF 43 4 − 2 NHH 4 2 CH4 NH CI2H2 − 4 − CO O 2 + 2− + − ClO − ClO N2O ClO3 SeF2 H2O ClO2 CH SF BrF SiF I 4 6 4 6 NH 4 6 CI2H2 3 − + 2− 2− + CO O22H2 ClO− ClO CH NH CI N2O SO NH H O 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 − − − − − − − − (~109.5) linear sF6bent BrF SF XeF SeF H O ClO + SeF 2−H2ClO 2− 2− 2 − 3 5 5 4 2 ClO 3 2 2 O ClO ClO SeF H O ClO 2− + 3 2 2 2 2 SO SO NH SF6 BrF6 −SiF6 CO I3 4− 3 3− O3 NH3 H3O − O − SCN SO NO 2 3 3 ClO N O 2− 2− + CO 2 AsF BrF SF XeF 2 6 SO4 5 SO3 5 NH3 4 H3O − − − O3 SeF2 H2O ClO2 − SO NO 3 3 SCN CO 2− 2− + 2 − − SO SO3 NH H3 O 3 − − − 4 ClO2 Cl BrF NO 4 4 ClO3− SeF2−− H2O AsF BrF5 SF5 − XeF4− − − SeF2 H2O ClO 2 6 CH O SO O33 2− NO23 SO2 ICl4 ClO BrF NO SCN 2 SeF H2ClO 3 4 2 CO 2O 2 ClO − CH O NO SO2 2O 3 2 + − − NOClO BF3 NO − − O 2ClO 2 NOH2CO + 3HSeF + 22 BrF −CO4− 4 3CF 4 −4CO O Two atomICl molecules, ClO CH NH O NO 2HO 2 BF3 ClO NOCH 2 4− ClO N O ClO NCI 2 CF H 2O O O NO SO 3 2 3 2 2 oops always linear ClO4− CH4 oops NH4+ CI2H2 N− linear (2 atoms) linear octahedron 24 e24 eoctahedron octahedron 16 edouble bondoctahedron 16 etrigonal planar trigonal planar linear linear 10 e- 24 e12 e24 e1 double 1 double bond 14 e16 e- bond 16 elinear (2 atoms) linear (2 atoms) trigonal planar trigonal planar linear (2 atoms) linear r linear triple bond double bond 1 double bond 1 double bond 10 e12 e24 e- 14 e24 e16 e16 elinear16 (2e-atoms) linear (2 atoms) trigonal planar planar 24 e24 e-trigonal32 linear linear 8 8 e20 e48linear e48 e- (2 atoms) 48 ee- linear 48e-e16 e1 double bond 1 double bond triple bond16 edouble bond trigonal planar trigonal planar 18 e18 e18 etetrahedron tetrahedron (1 unshared pair) (1 tetrahedron unshared pair) 24 e- (2tetrahedron unshared pair) inear linear(3 unshared pair) trigonal planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º 1 double bond 10 eoctahedron1 double bond square pyramid square pyramid square planar 24 e10 e- 24 e12 elinear (2 atoms) 16 e16 e14 e16 e1018 e- e12 e- 18 elinear (2 atoms) planarlinear (2 atoms) trigonal trigonal planar triple bond 14 e- linear 18 e- 16 elinear (2 atoms) linear 10bond e12 elinear linear (2 atoms) linear (2 atoms) triple double bond 14 e1 double bond 1 double bond lanar bent 120º bent 120º linear (2 atoms) bent 120ºlinear linear (2 atoms) linear (2 atoms) triple double bond 24 e- bond 18 e18 e- 10 18 e- 1224 linear (2 atoms) 24e-ee- etriple bond double bond 16 e16 e14 e16 etrigonal planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º trigonal planar planar linear linear 32 e8 e8 e20 e32 e- (2 atoms) 26 8 e8 e48 e-linear 18 e48 e- (2 atoms) 11trigonal 19ee-(2 atoms) linear 18 elinear linear 24 e18 etetrahedron tetrahedron trigonal pyramid tetrahedron tetrahedron bond double bond 1triple double bond 1 double bond trigonal tetrahedron pyramid trigonal pyramid (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical nal planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º free radical 24 e24 esquare planar square planar double bond − linear 16 e-bent 16 e- ple bond 48 e(3 unshared pair) octahedron 48atoms) elinear (2 (1triple unshared bondpair) square pyramid 12 elinear 48(2e-atoms) double bond (2 unshared pair) 16 14 ee48 elinear (2 atoms) linear 2, 3, 4 domains 24 e24 etrigonal planar trigonal planar 18 24 e1 double bond 1 double bondbent 20 etrigonal planar trigonal planar 16 esquare planar linear trigonal planar 16 e-bond 16 e1 double 18 e18 e- 1 double bond linear linear 24 e8 e8 ebent 120º bent 120º 24 e24 e10 e12 e16 e16 e32 e8 e-tetrahedron 8 e- tetrahedron 20 e(exception) dron tetrahedron 14 e16 etrigonal planar trigonal planar 12 elinear 24 e-26 elinear24 8e-e32 atoms) e8 elinear 16 (2e-atoms) tetrahedron linear tetrahedron tetrahedron 14 e16 e- tetrahedron 16 e- (2 12 etrigonal 1 double bond 1 double bond planar linear (2 atoms) linear ar (2 atoms) 14 18 e- e16 e- 18 e24 e18 tetrahedron etrigonal planar trigonal pyramid pyramid trigonal 26 e-linear e-trigonal 8trigonal e- planar 20 e-pyramid atoms) linear (2linear atoms)(2 atoms)24 elinear 10 e-linear triple bond double bond 20 10 e12 elinearbent (2 atoms) linear 32 e-bond trigonal planar 8 e8 e20 euble 1 double bond 1 double bond 26 e120º bent 120º bent 120º 14 e24 e- 109.5º 18 e18 e18 etrigonal pyramid bent bent distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º bond double bond (exception) (triple bond) linear (2 atoms) linear (2 atoms) rahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron 24 tetrahedron e18 e- tetrahedron 18 e18 elinear (2 atoms) trigonal planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º trigonal planar linear triple bond double bond trigonal planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º 16 elinear 16 elinear linear e120º linear 16 er linear 32 erahedron 32 e40 e40 e40 e- 8 e4020 e-e- 26 e26 e20 e40 tetrahedron e40pair) e- pyramid trigonal (2 pair) pair) trigonal18 pyramid bent18109.5º bent distorted bent 109.5º -hared pair) e- unshared e- 8(3e-unshared 18 e- 109.5º 20 e20(3 e-unshared trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid planar bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º 32 e- 109.5º 8 e-shape T-shape linear linear ramid bent 109.5º bent distorted 109.5º bent 32 e26 e8 e18 e18 e18 e- 8 etetrahedron bent 8 e8 e40 e40 e32 e8 etrigonal pyramid trigonal pyramid (132 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) 8 e-tetrahedron 20 e-tetrahedron 32 e-e26 e- 8 e8 e8 ee20 e- saw see8 saw tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron trigonaltetrahedron pyramid seetrigonal pyramid trigonal pyramid tetrahedron tetrahedrontrigonal pyramid tetrahedron trigonal pyramid 120ºtrigonal pyramid bent 120º ent 120º 32 e- 20 e26 e- 8 e8 e- 20 e26 etrigonal pyramid al pyramid tetrahedron bent 109.5º trigonal bentpyramid distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º 24 e- 8 etrigonal pyramid tetrahedron free radical double bond − linear 24 e24 e-planar trigonal 10planar etrigonal 110double bond e- 24 e18 planar etrigonal bent 120º 1 double bond 12 e- (triple bond) 20 e24 e18 etetrahedron trigonal planar bent 120º 18 e- 8 e18 20 e- e18 ebent120º distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º 18 etrigonal planar bent bent 120º bent 120º trigonal planar trigonal planar 24 e24 elinear 32 e-bent 120º 8 e20 etrigonal planar bent20 120º bent 120º 8 e32 e-trigonal planar1 double8bond e-trigonal planar ee168 e16 e- tetrahedron 1 double bond 24 e-40 e40 e32 e8 etetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron 26 e- bond 8 e8 e- bond 8 e- 20 e1 double 1 double trigonal trigonal planar16 e16 e-40 40 e- planar etetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron linear linear planar pair) (1 unshared pair) trigonal (1 unshared trigonal pyramidtetrahedron trigonal pyramid trigonaltetrahedron pyramid linear bipyramid trigonal bipyramid 1 double bond trigonal 1 double bondlinear 1 doublesee bond see saw saw 18 e32 ebent 120º 26 etrigonal pyramid 48 ehared 26 e- pair) tahedron onal pyramid yramid 48 e20 ehared pair) ent 109.5º are planar 24 eception) onal planar 48 e(1 unshared 8 e- pair) square pyramid pyramid trigonal 20 ebent 109.5º 8 e- 32 etrigonal pyramid 8 etrigonal pyramid 48 e- tetrahedron 26 e- 20 etetrahedron 26 e- 48 e8 e(2 unshared pair) bent distorted 109.5º square planar 20 ebent 109.5º 32 e- 18 etrigonal bent 120º pyramid 10 e8 elinear (2 atoms) tetrahedron triple bond 8 etrigonal pyramid 8 e- 8e 18 ep bent trigonal 120º octahedron 12 eelinear 20 (2 atoms) tetrahedron double bond 26 e- 26 e- square pyramid 16 e8 linear e- square pyramid 24 etrigonal planar 1 double bond 16 elinear 8 e- 11 e19 e26 e20 e- 48 etetrahedronfree radical pyramid 48 e-trigonal pyramid 48 e- trigonal pyramid 48 trigonal efree radical trigonal pyramid bent 109.5º 24 (3 unshared pair) (1 bent unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) 24 e- 19 e18eedouble bond − linear 48 e48 e11 e16 e- 20 e16 e- 8 e26 eeplanar planar bent 20 120º octahedron square pyramid square pyramid (2 unshared pair) square (2planar unshared pair) linear free radical trigonal free radical trigonal linear trigonal pyramid bent 109.5º bent distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º 1 double bond 24 etrigonal planar square planar double bond − linear 18 ebent 120º 26 e20 e8 e20 e26 e48 e48 e11 e19 e12 etetrahedron bent 109.5º 24 e- 10 e10 etrigonal pyramid bent distorted 109.5º bent (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical linear (2 atoms) free radical linear (2109.5º 24 e(exception) (triple bond) atoms) square planar square planar double bond − linear triple bond bent double bondplanar trigonal trigonal planar 32 e- linear 8 e- bent 18 ebent 120º triple bond bent 120º 20 ebent 109.5º 24 e18 etrigonal planar bent 120º 1 double bond 8 ebent distorted 109.5 18 ebent 120º 18 ebent 120º 10 ee128e32 e14 ee26 e- 16 linear linear (2eatoms) 18 e-(2 atoms) 18 tetrahedron tetrahedron linear (2 atoms) tetrahedron linear 8 e- 8 etrigonal24 pyramid etrigonal planar 1 double bond square planar 24 etrigonal planar 1 double bond 8 e8e tetrahedron bent distort 16 elinear 20 e- tetrahedron bent 14 e- 109.5º linear (2 atoms) 14 e16 elinear (2 atoms) linear 20 e8 e20 e26 e- 8 e20 e-20 e8 e20 ee26bent e- 109.5º 48 e- 109.5º bent bent 48 e- bent distorted trigonal pyramid bent 109.5º bent 109.5º bent32 distorted 109.5º bent distorted 109.5º trigonal pyramid 109.5º 109.5º 10 e12 etetrahedron trigonal pyramid 24 eoctahedron octahedron 1416e-e16 ee- 48 e48 e48 e- linear (2 atoms) 48 e- linear (216 atoms) trigonal planar 32 e26 e8 e8 elinear linear linear (2 atoms) linear (3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) 1 double bond triple bond pyramid double bondpyramid tetrahedron trigonal trigonal trigonal pyramid 8 etetrahedron square planar 10 e(triple bond) linear 8e 24 etetrahe trigonal planar 1 double bond 18 ebent 120º 48 e- 20 e(1 unshared pair) pyramid (2 unshared pair) 48bent e- 109.5º e8 e- 40 trigonal square pyramid square planar octahedron trigonal pyramid octahedron 8 ebent distorted 109.5º 18 e bent21 14 e- tetra 18 eebent8 120º 8 etetrahedron 32 e- linear 24 etrigonal planar 1 double bond 24 e trigonal19 1 double free b linear (2 atoms) 16tetrahedron elinear 40 e40 e40 e40 e24 e18 e18 e18 e(2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) 18 etrigonal planar 18 e- bent 120º bent 120º bent 120º T-shape T-shape linear linear trigonal planar bent 120º bent 120º 26 e20 e8 e20 e8 e8 e20 e26 e20 e8 e20 etrigonal pyramid bent 109.5º bent distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º 32 e26 e8 e40 e40 e40 edron tetrahedron tetrahedron 26 e20 ee2048 e- e48 e- tetrahedron 48 40 e-8 etrigonal pyramid bent 109.5º distorted 109.5º 40 e32 e- 8 e26 e-8 bent 8 e- bent 109.5º 8 e32 e26pair) eetetrahedron trigonal pyramid trigonal trigonal pyramid bent 109.5º bent distorted pair) 109.5º bent 109.5º 32 e- pyramid (2 unshared (2 unshared (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) octahedron octahedron octahedron tahedron 26 e8 e8 e20 epyramid trigonal pyramid trigonal pyramid tetrahedron trigonal pyramid tetrahedron trigonal pyramid trigonal trigonal pyramid tetrahedron 10 e12 eT-shape T-shape linear linear trahedron trigonal pyramid 26 e- tetrahedron 20 e-tetrahedron 8 e20 elinear (2 8atoms) linear (220 atoms) 32 e-48 e8 e- 48 ee- 48 ee40 etrigonal pyramid bent 109.5º bent distorted 109.5º bent 109.5º triple bond double bond tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron tetrahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron dron linear (2 atoms) double bond tetrahedron 16 e- 24 etetrahedron trigonal planar tetrahedron 16ee16 11 elinear linear (2 unshared pair) square planar linear (2 atoms) linear triple bond 16 elinear 40 e40 e- 8 e32 e8 e40 e40 e(1 unsharedtetrahedron pair) (1 unshared pair) tetrahedron 32 e26 e8 e8tetrahedron e26 e8 e8 eal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid 26 e20 e24 esee saw24 esee saw 24 etetrahedron pyramid pyramid trigonal pyramid dron trigonal trigonal pyramid trigonal pyramid 24 e- trigonal 24 e-trigonal 16 e- pyramid trigonal pyramid 24 e18 e18bent e- 109.5º 14 e 4 linear (2 (2 unsh squar 48atoms) elinear (2 (1 unshared double bondpair) square pyramid double bond bent 120º 20 e- 8 e- 10 e- 20 e- 12 14 e16 e(2 atoms) tetrahedron linear (2 18 linear etetrahedron linear (2 atoms) linear triple bond bent 120º double 31 − 40 etrigonal bipyramid − SF − ClF3 SF3− SiF XeCl IF 5 2 PCl 52 − 4 3−SeCl 4 2 XeCl IF PClClF 2 5 −3 SFSF − SF3 XeCl SF BrF6+ SiF6 I3−2 IF 2 6 40 etrigonal bipyramid (1 unshared pair) T-shape see saw (1 unshared pair) T-shape see saw 5, 6 domains SiF5− ClF3 linear linear 40 e40 e40 e40 e-40 e40 e- 40 e(1 unshared (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) trigonal (3 unshared (3 bipyramid unshared pair) bipyramidpair) trigonal see sa 40 e40 eT-shape linear linear 40 e40 e- 40 e40T-shape e40 e40 e(1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) see saw see saw 40 e40 e4040 e-e4048 e- e48linear e48 eT-shape T-shape linear (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) octahedron octahedron octahedr octahedron − − ClF3 +SF SF 3 5 2−XeC SiF P SeCl 4 4 PCl BrF SiF −5 6 6 ClF3 SF3 − XeClSF IFBrF 2 2 + 2− − − SiF I 6 6 6 3 − + 2− − SFSF AsF466 SiF BrF SF5 XeF SF SiF PCl 4I 44 6 SeCl BrF 6 5 5 5 3 SeCl SiF5− PCl 5 SF4 SeCl4 SiF5− PCl5 − − − SFClF3 BrF −S − ClF3 I SF XeCl IF 6 3 3 2 2 AsF BrF SF XeF 6 5 4 2− −5 − −BrF + SF SiF I AsF BrF SF XeF 6 6 6 3 − − 6 − − −5 XeF − − AsF BrF SF ICl BrF445− NO 4 ClO ClF SF XeCl ClF SF XeCl 32 6 IF 2 54 3 33 2 2 5 IF see saw square − − pyramid − − ClF SF XeCl IF 3SF 3 4 2 2 − SiF − S AsF BrF SF I SeCl SF SeCl 6 5 5 3 4 + 2− − 4 4 PCl SiF5 PCl 5 5 5 − − SF BrF SiF I 6 6 6 3 − − ICl BrF NO ClO 2 − SF5 −4XeF4 AsF6 − BrFICl 5 −4 BrF NO ClO 4 4 2 + ICl BrF ClO2 NO BF +− 4 2− +4 SF4NO 2−3SeCl4NO − CF3H −I3− SF SeCl SF BrF SiF SiF PCl SF BrF SiF 4 4 6 6 6 I 5 5 6 6 6 − SiF PCl 3 − 5 − 5 − − AsF B − − ClF SF XeCl IF 33 3 2 2 2 + 2− − ClF3 SF XeCl IF − − 4 6 NO 2 ICl BrF oops 4 SF BrF SiF I3 SF5 XeF4 6 6AsF6 + BrF5 −6 − − SF SeCl NO 4 4 BF NO PCl IClSiF + ClO2 CF3H 4 5 BrF 4 +5 3 NO NO BF NO NO −BF3 − NO T-shape square planar 3 − − CF H − − CF 3H − 2 SF ClF SF IF2 3oops ClF SF XeCl IF 32 34 − XeCl 2 3 3 BrF AsF XeF 6 5 5 AsF BrF SF XeF − 5 4 +6 2− 5 − ICl B SF SiF I + BrF 2− 4 − 6 6 6 + oops 3 oops − SiF6 − SF6 BrF − − I3 NO BF NO 6 AsF6 BrF5 SF5 XeF ICl4 BrF4 −3 NO ClO2 − 4 + ClF SF XeCl IF SF SeCl 3 3 2 2 4 4 PCl5 − NO BF−3 2− NO oop CF2−3H + + − − − − SF BrF SiF I SF BrF SiF I 6 6 6 3 ICl 62 6 6 SF NO ClO 4BrF 4 54 − XeF 43 4− 4 5SeCl PCl −5 AsF6SF −BrF ICl BrF NO ClO BF3 N oops 4 2 AsF BrF SF XeF 6 5 5 4 + − − BF 3 + NO 2− NO − ICl BrF NO ClO CF3H 4 4 2 linear − − I 3 − SF BrF SiF SF3−AsF XeCl IF 6 6 6 − − 2 2 BrF − SF5 AsF XeF SF5 XeF4 6 4 BrF5 oops − ICl4− 6 BrF4− 5 NO ClO + 2 SF XeCl IF −3 −BF NO + NO 2 2 3 CFNO ICl4 BrF4 NO BF ClO 3H 3 2 NO CF3H + − NO − BF3− NOoops oops AsF BrF SF − XeF trigonal bipyramid T-shape − octahedral − SF −I3 SiF5 6 T-shape linear linear 40 e40 e40 e40 e40unshared e40unshared e(2 (2 pair) (3 40 e- 48 e40unshared e48pair) e- (1 unshared 48 e40 etrigonal bipyramid trigo pair) (1 unsharedlinear pair T-shape T-shape 40 e40 e- octahedron trigonal 40 e-bipyramid 40 e-bipyramid octahedrontrigonal octahedron see saw octahedron see saw (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) 48 e48 e48 e40 e48 e48 e48 e48 e40 e40 eT-shape T-shape linear linear octahedron octahedron 40 e- e- 40 e40 eoctahedron 48 e48 e48octahedron e40 40 e4040 e- e(3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid square pyramid square pyramid square pla 40 e- seesee 40 eseeoctahedron saw sawsaw 40 e40 e- see saw 40 e(1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) etrigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid 40 e40 e- 40 e40 e- 48(2eunshared pair)40 e- 48 (2 un see saw 48see e- saw(2 unshared pair) 48 e- (2 unshared 48 e- (3 unshared e- (3 unshared octahedron octahed octahedron pair) pair)48 pair T-shape (3 unshared pair) T-shape (1 unshared pair) T-shape (1 unshared pair) linear(2 unshared pair) linear 48 e- 48 e48 e- 48 e48 e40 e48 e- pyramid 48 e- planar octahedron square pyramid square square 48 e48 e48 eeoctahedron octahedron (3 unshared pair) octahedron (1 unshared (148 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) 48 e- pair) octahedron 48 e11 e19 ee40 e40 e40 e4040 e- e4040 e40 e(3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared octahedron square pyramid squarepair) pyramid square planar (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical free radi (2 unshared pair) (2(2 unshared pair) (3 (2 unshared pair) pair) unshared pair) unshared pair) (3 unshared (3 unshared pair) pair) octahedron square pyramid (3 unshared square pyramid square planar square planar square planar double bond − linear bent T-shape T-shape T-shape T-shape linear linear 40 e40 e- 40 linear 40 e- linear 40 e40 e- 40 ee48 e48 e- 40 e48 e40 e40 e40 e40 e40 e(2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) pair) (1 unshared oc octahedron (3 pair) (1 pair) (1 (1 unshared pair)(1 unshared (1 unshared pair) 48unshared e48unshared e48unshared e40 ebipyramid gonal bipyramid trigonal trigonal bipyramidtrigonal bipyramid see saw see saw see saw T-shape linear 48 linear e48 e11 e19 eseeT-shape saw octahedron square pyramid square pyr octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron 48 e48 e48 e48 e(2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical free radical 48 48 e19 e(3 unshared pair) (1 unshared 48 pair) (1 unshared11pair) (2 unshared pair) 48 ee- e- planar e19 e-11 esquare square planar double bond − linear bent unshared pair)square (2 unshared free radical free radical 24 e- pair) 10 eoctahedron pyramid pyramid square planar (2 unshared pair) square (2(2 unshared pair) radical radical 40 e- free 40 e- free 26 e40 e40ee- e4840 e- e- 40 e4840 e- e48 40 esquare planar square planar double bond − linear bent (exception) (triple bond) 48 e48 48 e40 e40 esquarepair) planar square planar(1 unshared double bond − linear pair) (1 unshared pair)bent tetrahed (1 unshared pair) trigonal (1 unshared bipyramid trigonal bipyramid octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron 48 e40 e40 e40 e40 etrigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid octahedron linear octahedron octahedron seeoctahedron sawtrigonal planar see saw see saw see saw 40 e40 e40 e40 e48 e48(3e11 (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) unshared pair) (1 eun unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) (3 unshared pair) 48 e48 e48unshared e48free e- squa 48 e48 e48 e40 eT-shape T-shape linear linear octahedron (2 unshared pair) (2 pair) rad T-shape T-shape linear linear (3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron 40 e-10 e40 e-planar square square planar double bond 24 e48 e- 40 e48 e- 40 e11 19 e-pyramidpair) octahedron square square pyramid 26 e- square planar (1 eunshared pair) (1 unshared (exception) (triple bond) trigonal bipyramid trigonal bipyramid 24 e10 e24 e10 e(2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical free radical tetrahedron 26 see saw seee-saw 26 e40 e40 e-(triple 40 e40 e40 e40 e40 etrigonal linear (exception) bond)planar (exception) bond) 40 e- bent square planar square planar double bond (triple − linear 48 e48 e48 e48 etetrahedron tetrahedron pair) (3 unshared48 pair) (3 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 eunshared pair) (2 unshared (3 48 unshared pair) 48 e- pair) 48 trigonal ee- linear trigonal planar(2 unshared linear planar (3 unshared unshared (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) 48 e48 pair) e- T-shape (1(3 48 e- pair) 48unshared e-T-shape 40 e- T-shape linear linear linear linear unshared pair) (1 pair) (1 T-shape unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) octahedron square pyramid square pyramid square planar octahedron octahedron octahedron (2e-unshared pair) (2 un 48 e48 e48 eoctahedron 40 e24 e10 octahedron square pyramid square pyramid square planar octahedron octahedron octahedron 48 e48(exception) e11(triple esquare planar 19 e- squ 48 e48 e48 e48 eoctahedron bond) unshared (2 unshared free radical free radical (3 unshared pair) 40 e(1 unshared pair) (140 unshared pair) (2 eunshared (2 pair) e40 40 pair) e40 pair) e- planar trigonal linear 40 e40 e24(2e-unshared 10 esquare planar pair) square planar pair) double bond − linear bent octahedron square pyramid square pyramid square planar pair) (2 unshared pair) (3 unshared (3 unshared 26 e(1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (exception) (triple bond) id trigonal bipyramid T-shape T-shape linear linear 48 e48 e40 etetrahedron 48 e48 e48 esee saw 48 esee saw 40 etrigonal planar 40 e- 48 e40 e- 48 48 e-octahedron 48 e- octahedron 48 ee- octahedron 48 e11 e19linear eoctahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron octahedron 40 e48 e48 11 e19 e24 e(3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1unshared unshared pair) (2 unshared pair)e(1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) (2 pair) free radical free radical 48 e- bipyramid 48 e48 e48 etrigonal octahedron see saw square pyramid see saw square pyramidpair) square planar (exception) (tr (2 unshared (2 unshared pair) free radical free radical unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair)square(2 unshared pair) square planar planar double bond − linear bent trigonal planar planarplanar square planar double bond − linear bent 24 e10 eoctahedron square pyramid square pyramid squaresquare 26 e48 e48 e11 e19 e(exception) (triple bond) 40 e− radical tetrahedron (2 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free free radical 48 e48 e48 etrigonal planar linear 40 e40 e40 e-48 e48 e48 ee(348unshared pair) 48 e48 esquare square planar 48 e-double bond − linear octahedronbent 48 e- octahedron octahedron r) (2 unshared 48 pair) unshared pair) planar pair) (3e-unshared(3 pair) pair)(3 unshared (1 unshared pair) 19 e(2 unsharedlinear pair) 48(1 e-unshared 11 e(3 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (1 unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) octahedron square pyramid free radical square planar linear linear (2 unshared pair)40 e- (224 unshared pair)pyramid 40 e- T-shape 40 e-free e- square 10radical eoctahedron square pyramid square pyramid square planar e48unshared e11 19 e26 esquare planar doublepair) bond −elinear bent 10 e(2 48 unshared pair)square planar (3 pair) (3eunshared 24 (exception) (triple bond) unshared pair) (2 unshared pair) free radical free radical 26 etetrahedron T-shape linear (exception) (triple bond) trigonaldouble planarbond − linear square planar square planar linear linear bent tetrahedron trigonal planar linear 24 e10 e48 e48 e48 e48 e48 e11 e19 e- 48 e26 e48 e-radical (exception) (3 unshared pair) 48 e(1 unshared pair) 11 e-(1 unshared pair) 19 e- (2 unshared pair) 24(2e-unshared pair) 10(2 e- unshared pair) free (triple radical bond) free tetrahedron 26 e48 e48 e-bond) 48 e-bond −linear pair) (2 unshared pair) pyramidfree radical free radicalsquare planar octahedron square square pyramid trigonal planar double (exception) square planar (triple square planar linear (2 unshared bent 5 3H −2 6 − CF ICl BrF4 NONO ClO 2− ICl BrF NO 4 4 SiF CF H 6 3 2− oops NO BrF6 NO SiF6oops CF3H 4 NO6++ SFBF 6 3 + BrF + BF 36 SF tetrahedron square planar square planar double bond − linear 5 ClO2 bent 4 32 Unit I Chapters 8 & 9 The “clicker” Review The molecular geometry of SO32− is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. trigonal pyramid trigonal planar square planar tetrahedron octahedron T-shaped see-saw bent linear 34 The molecular geometry of SO32− is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) 26e− − − − − O −S − O − − O − − − − trigonal pyramid trigonal planar square planar tetrahedron octahedron T-shaped see-saw bent linear − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. tetrahedron domains, 1 unshared pair ∴ trigonal pyramid 35 The hybridization around the Si atom in SiS2 is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sp sp2 sp3 3 sp d sp3d2 36 The hybridization around the Si atom in SiS2 is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) 16e− − Si − S ＝ ＝S − sp sp2 sp3 3 sp d sp2d2 − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 domains, ∴ sp hybridization 37 The hybridization around the S atom in SO2 is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 38 The hybridization around the S atom in SO2 is (Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.) − − − O − S＝O − − sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 18e− 3 domains ∴ sp2 39 The bond angles in SO3 are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 120º Less than 109.5º Greater than 109.5º Less than 120º Both greater than and less than 120º 40 The bond angles in SO3 are 120º Less than 109.5º Greater than 109.5º Less than 120º Both greater than and less than 120º − − O O− − S＝ − − − 24e− − − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3 domains, and the unshared pair bulges and thus takes up more space O − However, perhaps the resonance that causes equal bond lengths will also blend the bond angles 41 Which of the following molecules are polar? A) CF4 B) CH3F C) CH2F2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. All of them are polar Both B + C are polar Only A is polar Only B is polar Only C is polar 42 Which of the following molecules are polar? A) CF4 B) CH3F C) CH2F2 All of them are polar Both B + C are polar Only A is polar Only B is polar Only C is polar − − H− C − F − F − − − − − − − − − − − − H− C − F − H − − − F −C− F − − F − Remember the shape is tetrahedron, not a planar cross, so do NOT place the F’s opposite in the cross structure and think that the polarity crosses out − the polarity is asymetrically arranged. H H − − − − F − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 43 The IF2− ion has how many shared electron pairs, and how many unshared electron pairs around the central I atom? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 3, 1 3, 2 44 IF2− ion has how many shared electron pairs, and how many unshared electron pairs around the central I atom? − F−− − I − −− − 22e− − 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 3, 1 3, 2 − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. F − 45 The electron domain geometry on the central atom of this molecule is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trigonal planar Trigonal bipyramid Tetrahedron Trigonal pyramid Linear 46 The electron domain geometry on which this molecule is based is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trigonal planar Trigonal bipyramid Tetrahedron Trigonal pyramid Linear − The trigonal pyramidal shape must be caused by an unshared pair. 47 Select the atom(s) below that could possibly be the central atom of this molecule. Select all that apply. 1. C 2. P 3. O 4. Al 5. There is no way of knowing 48 Select the atom below that could possibly be the central atom of this − molecule. 1. C 2. P 3. O The unshared pair and three 4. Al bonding pair mean that the 5. There is no way central atom must have 5 valence electrons. of knowing Maybe….it could be C if you consider the unshared pair to be a single electron = free radical 49 The shape of the electron domains in this molecule can be Select all that apply. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Trigonal planar with no unshared pairs Trigonal bipyramid with 2 unshared pairs Tetrahedron with 1 unshared pair Trigonal pyramid with 1 unshared pairs None of the above 50 The shape of the electron domains in this molecule is most likely 1. Trigonal planar with no unshared pairs 2. Trigonal bipyramid with 2 unshared pairs • This is not a valid choice because trig bipyr unshared pairs are in the equatorial positions not axial, so 2 unshared pair would be T-shape 3. Tetrahedron with 1 unshared pair 4. Trigonal pyramid with 1 unshared pairs 5. None of the above 51 For each molecule, how many unshared pair are on each molecule? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0, 0, 1 1, 1, 3 2, 0, 1 2, 1, 3 1, 0, 1 52 For each molecule, how many unshared pairs are on each molecule? 0, 0, 1 1, 1, 3 2, 0, 1 2, 1, 3 1, 0, 1 − − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. − 53 What are the total number of nonbonding pair(s) of electrons on the central Si atom of SiS2? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 4 0 54 What are the total number of valence nonbonding pair(s) of electrons on the central Si atom of SiS2? − Si − S ＝ ＝S − 1 2 3 4 0 − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 55 Chemistry Humor 56 In the molecule HCN, how many σ and how many π bonds total? 1. 2 σ, 0 π 2. 1 σ, 1 π 3. 2 σ, 1 π 4. 2 σ, 2 π 5. 2 σ, 3 π 57 In the molecule HCN, how many σ and how many π bonds total? 1. 2 σ, 0 π 4. 2 σ, 2 π 5. 2 σ, 3 π 2σ H− C ≡ N − 2. 1 σ, 1 π 3. 2 σ, 1 π 2π 58 The hybridization of the sulfur in methyl mercaptan is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 methyl mercaptan (also known as ethanethiol) is a colorless gas with a smell like rotten cabbage. It is released from animal feces. It occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is also one of the main chemicals responsible for bad breath and the smell in flatulence. It is added in very small quantities to CH4, an odorless gas, so that leaks will be detected. 59 The hybridization of the sulfur in methyl mercaptan is sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 There are two unshared pairs on the S − 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • − 60 Draw a valid Lewis structure for butanol. How many isomers can be drawn only making alcohols? • Enter a number. 61 Draw a valid Lewis structure for butanol. How many isomers can be drawn for this molecule? • 4 62 Draw a valid Lewis structure for pentane. How many isomers can be drawn for this molecule? • Enter a number. 63
0
advertisement
Related documents
Download
advertisement
Add this document to collection(s)
You can add this document to your study collection(s)
Sign in Available only to authorized usersAdd this document to saved
You can add this document to your saved list
Sign in Available only to authorized users