GUIDELINES - RISK GROUPS AND CONTAINMENT LEVELS
Four levels of risk classifications and four levels of containment have been defined by the Public
Health Agency of Canada, in their publication entitled “Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines, 3rd
Edition, 2004”.
RISK GROUPS
Risk Group 1 (low individual and community risk)
Any biological agent that is unlikely to cause disease in healthy workers or animals.
Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk)
Any pathogen that can cause human disease but, under normal circumstances, is unlikely to be a
serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment.
Laboratory exposures rarely cause infection leading to serious disease; effective treatment and
preventive measures are available, and the risk of spread is limited.
Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk)
Any pathogen that usually causes serious human disease or can result in serious economic
consequences but does not ordinarily spread by casual contact from one individual to another, or
that causes diseases treatable by antimicrobial or antiparasitic agents.
Risk Group 4 (high individual risk, high community risk)
Any pathogen that usually produces very serious human disease, often untreatable, and may be
readily transmitted from one individual to another, or from animal to human or vice-versa,
directly or indirectly, or by casual contact.
CONTAINMENT LEVELS
Containment levels were selected to provide a description of the minimum requirements for
handling an organism safely in a laboratory setting and include the engineering, operational,
technical and physical requirements for manipulating a particular pathogen.
Containment Level 1 (CL1)
This applies to the basic laboratory that handles agents requiring containment level 1. CL1
requires no special design features beyond those suitable for a well-designed and functional
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laboratory. Biological safety cabinets (BSCs) are not required. Work may be done on an open
bench top, and containment is achieved through the use of practices normally employed in a
basic microbiology laboratory.
Containment Level 2 (CL2)
This applies to the laboratory that handles agents requiring containment level 2. The primary
exposure hazards associated with organisms requiring CL2 are through the ingestion, inoculation
and mucous membrane route. Agents requiring CL2 facilities are not generally transmitted by
airborne routes, but care must be taken to avoid the generation of aerosols (aerosols can settle on
bench tops and become an ingestion hazard through contamination of the hands) or splashes.
Primary containment devices such as BSCs and centrifuges with sealed rotors or safety cups are
to be used as well as appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., gloves, laboratory coats,
protective eyewear). As well, environmental contamination must be minimized by the use of
handwashing, sinks and decontamination facilities (autoclaves).
Containment Level 3 (CL3)
This applies to the laboratory that handles agents requiring containment level 3. These agents
may be transmitted by the airborne route, often have a low infectious dose to produce effects and
can cause serious or life-threatening disease. CL3 emphasizes additional primary and secondary
barriers to minimize the release of infectious organisms into the immediate laboratory and the
environment. Additional features to prevent transmission of CL3 organisms are appropriate
respiratory protection, HEPA filtration of exhausted laboratory air and strictly controlled
laboratory access.
Containment Level 4 (CL4)
This is the maximum containment available and is suitable for facilities manipulating agents
requiring containment level 4. These agents have the potential for aerosol transmission, often
have a low infectious dose and produce very serious and often fatal disease; there is generally no
treatment or vaccine available. This level of containment represents an isolated unit,
functionally and, when necessary, structurally independent of other areas. CL4 emphasizes
maximum containment of the infectious agent by complete sealing of the facility perimeter with
confirmation by pressure decay testing; isolation of the researcher from the pathogen by his or
her containment in a positive pressure suit or containment of the pathogen in a Class III BSC
line; and decontamination of air and other effluents produced in the facility.
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Biohazards Committee
Carleton University Research Office
510A, Tory Building
Phone: 613-520-2600, Ext. 8034
Fax: 613-520-2521
Biohazards Committee Coordinator
Email: susan_green@carleton.ca
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