Light vs depth
Productivity vs depth
Productivity vs Light
PG – Gross Primary Productivity
PN – Net Primary Productivity
R - Respiration
Pmax – maximal photosynthesis value
Ic – compensation light intensity
Primary Productivity
• Found near Upwelling Areas
SeaWifs Satellite
Primary Productivity
• Found near Upwelling Areas
SeaWifs Satellite
Primary Productivity
• Nutrients Found near Upwelling Areas
Primary Productivity
• Coastal Upwelling Areas
South Africa: southwest coast
Primary Productivity
• Equitorial Upwelling Areas
Primary Productivity
Protists - Zooplankton
A. Foraminifera (Forams)
•
•
•
•
Test (shell) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or
agglutinated sediment particles
•
Fossil tests used to age geological deposits
Feed by extending pseudopodia through pores in test
Pelagic forms (calcareous)
•
Often have spines
•
Tests may form foraminiferan oozes, esp. in shallow
water beneath tropics (white cliffs of Dover – England)
Benthic forms (calcareous or agglutinated)
•
Calcareous tests can be important sources of sand for
beaches
Protists - Zooplankton
A. Foraminifera (Forams)
Southern England:
White Cliffs of Dover
Protists - Zooplankton
A. Foraminifera (Forams)
Protists - Zooplankton
A. Foraminifera (Forams)
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/imagelibrary/orbulinauniversa.html
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html
Protists - Zooplankton
B. Radiolarians
Protists - Zooplankton
C. Ciliates (Ciliophores)
Seaweed & Kelp
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
A. Green Algae (Chlorophytes)
•
Enteromorpha
•
•
Ulva (Sea Lettuce)
•
•
Ulva
Found in areas with high nutrient levels
Valonia (Bubble Algae)
•
•
Tropical and subtropical
Caulerpa
•
Caulerpa
Often found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay tool
•
Invasive species (C. taxifolia)
Codium (Dead Man’s Fingers)
•
•
Multinucleated
Halimeda
•
Calcareous alga
Valonia
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
A. Green Algae (Chlorophytes)
•
Enteromorpha
•
•
Ulva (Sea Lettuce)
•
•
Found in areas with high nutrient levels
Valonia (Bubble Algae)
•
•
Tropical and subtropical
Caulerpa
•
•
Invasive species (C. taxifolia)
Codium (Dead Man’s Fingers)
•
Halimeda
Often found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay tool
•
Multinucleated
Halimeda
•
Calcareous alga
Codium
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•
Fucus (Rockweeds)
•
•
Laminaria
Intertidal and subtidal species; Ecologically important
Laminaria (Kelp)
•
•
•
Some species consist of a single blade
Commonly used for food
Padina
Postelsia (Sea Palm)
•
Usually on exposed rocky shorelines
Laminaria
Fucus
Sargassum
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•
Egregia (Feather Boa)
•
•
Common on rocky Pacific coast
Pelagophycus (Elk Kelp)
•
Large float
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•
Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
•
•
May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1
Most common in cold water
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•
Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
•
•
May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1
Most common in cold water
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
B. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•
Kelp Forests
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
C. Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
•
•
Common in shallow water
Contain accessory pigments called
phycobilins
Structurally less complex than brown
algae
May be heterotrophic or parasitic
Some incorporate calcium carbonate into
tissues (Why?)
•
•
•
•
•
Sebdenia
Porphyra
Coralline red algae
Many are commercially important
Halimeda
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
D. Life History of Alga
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
D. Life History of Alga
Multicellular Algae - Seaweed
E. Economic Uses of Kelp
1.
2.
Food Source
Products
a.
•
•
•
b.
•
Phycocolloids
Algin (Extracted from kelp; harvested with
boats)
Carrageenan (Extracted from red algae)
•
Emulsifier for dairy products, toothpaste,
puddings
Agar (Extracted from red algae)
•
Used to form jellies, thicken mixtures
•
Preserves, pharmaceutical applications
Other
Fertilizers, additives in animal feeds
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
•
•
•
Not true grasses (related to lilies)
Roots, stems and shoots grow from
horizontal rhizome
Flowers typically small and inconspicuous
(Why?)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
1.
Eelgrass (Zostera) – Temperate Atl, Pac; Tropical Pac
Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
2.
Surf grass (Phyllospadix) – Temperate Pac
Surf Grass (Phyllospadix scouleri)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
3.
Turtle grass (Thalassia) – Tropical
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
B. Salt Marshes
1.
Cord grass (Spartina)
2.
Pickleweed (Salicornia)
Salicornia
Spartina
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
B. Salt Marshes
1.
Cord grass (Spartina)
Spartina
2.
Pickleweed (Salicornia)
Salicornia
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
C. Mangroves
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)
C. Mangroves vs Salt Marshes