Define genome
A cell’s genetic information, packaged as its DNA
Name one thing that DNA provides templates for
Making proteins
Copying itself
Name two of the three important roles of cell division
Reproduction
Growth and development
Tissue renewal
True or false: Binary Fission produces two genetically unique cells
False; heritability yes variability no
Name the process by which single-celled eukaryotic organisms produce genetically identical copies of themselves
Mitosis
How many daughter cells are formed in mitosis?
Two
What is the ploidy of the daughter cells produced by mitosis?
2n
What is a chromosome?
A chromosome is a single strand of DNA made of DNA and associated protein molecules
(chromatin)
Why does DNA coil? What does it coil around?
Coiled to protect from breakage and to consolidate during replication
Coiled around histones
What specific subphase of interphase does DNA duplicate in?
During the S (synthesis) phase of interphase
How is a sister chromatid different from a chromosome? How is it the same?
Different-because it only exists when chromosome is replicated
Same- because it has the same genetic material as a chromosome; it contains the same information
How do chromatids stay connected to each other before anaphase?
Centromere in middle
What are the two parts to eukaryotic cell division?
Mitosis
Cytokenesis
Name all three subphases of interphase
G1 “first gap”
S “synthesis”
G2 “second gap”
Name all six stages of the cell cycle for mitosis
IPPMAT
Name one thing that happens in Prophase?
Chromatin coils to form sister chromatids
Mitotic spindle forms o Microtubules, asters
Centrosomes move away from one another
Name one thing that happens in Prometaphase?
Nuclear envelope fragments

Kinetochores form on chromatids
Microtubules attach to kinetochores
Name on thing that happens in Metaphase
Longest stage of mitosis
Chromosomes are aligned mid-cell by microtubules /metaphase plate
Name one thing that happens in Anaphase
Shortest stage of mitosis
Sister chromatids pulled apart
Kinetochore proteins break
Individual chromosomes formed
Name one thing that happens in Telophase
Two daughter nuclei and envelope begin to form
Chromosomes release
Division of cytoplasm
Where is the restriction point checkpoint in the cell cycle?
G1 subphase
Density dependence
What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
if DNA is replicated
if cell is large enough to replicate
if environment is favorable
What is the third and last checkpoint of the cell cycle?
The M checkpoint
What does the M checkpoint do?
Checks that all chromosomes are aligned mid cell
When does M checkpoint happen in mitosis?
Metaphase
What relation do cancer cells have to checkpoints?
Do not respond
Are not inhibited by density or cell size
Divide uncontrollably
Where did HeLa cells originate?
In the cervix of Henrietta Lacks
Name one potential cause of cancer
Virus
Genetic mutation
What are the two different kinds of tumors?
Malignant
Benign
What kind of tumor exhibits metastasis?
Malignant tumor cells
Why are malignant tumors so detrimental to a person’s health?
Spreads, leaves no room for working cells
What are the two ways to treat cancer?
Chemotherapy and radiation
How do chemotherapy and radiation differ in their “strategies” of attacking the cancer?
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with specific steps in the cell cycle
Radiation targets where the tumors are (A specific area)

How has cancer affected Iowans?
¼ experience cancer in life time
2 nd leading cause of death
Since 2003, increase in melanoma
What is the study of heredity and heredity variation?
genetics
Define gene
segment of DNA that program the specific traits that emerge
Why is DNA essential for life?
It programs cells to synthesize enzymes and proteins that produce and organism’s inherited traits
What are the reproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next?
Gametes
True or false: gametes are found in plants AND animals
True
How do sexually reproducing organisms produce offspring that are both similar to the parents, but are also genetically distinct from the parents?
Meiosis
Mutation
Bi-parental inheritance
Why is sexual reproduction important?
Genetic variation so populations persist in changing environments
True or false: meiosis doubles the amount of chromosomes
false
True or false: before anaphase I in meiosis, the amount of DNA is doubled
true
How many chromosomes does a diploid human cell have?
46
In most animals, what cells are the only haploid cells?
gametes
Complete the sentence: meiosis I separates _________ and meiosis II separates ________.
Homologs; sister chromatids
The end product of meiosis is how many daughter cells?
four
Meiosis divides cells so that each resulting daughter cell has ____amount of the original DNA?
1/4
Meiosis divides cells so that each resulting daughter cell has ____amount of chromosomes?
½
I will award 10 points to any team that can correctly summarize meiosis with a diagram on the board.
(And a point for any team that tries and gets it wrong)
When does synapsis occur?
Prophase I
Define synapsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad
How are chiasma and crossing over different? How are they related?
Chiasma is the site at which to chromatids cross over, crossing over is the action
Why does crossing over occur, and what is the resulting chromosome called after crossing over?
Genetic variation, recombinant chromosome

What is Mendel’s law of separation?
Accounts for 3:1 ratio in F1
Segregated alleles during gamete production
What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
Each pair of alleles segregates separately of other allele pairs during gamete formation
As long as on different chromosomes
9:3:3:1 in F2 generation
metaphase
What is a test cross?
Crossing a known homozygous recessive individual with an unknown and observing outcome
What is the F1 generation?
The generation resulting from the cross of the parent generation
Define dihybrid cross
The crossing of two F1 generation individuals
Why was Mendel lucky?
Complete dominance
Two alleles per character
Single gene controls the character
What was one of the three important choices that Mendel made when he set up his experiment?
True-breeding varieties
Discrete, categorical characters (either/or)
Tracked characters for three generations
True or false: alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters?
true
How many alleles does an organism inherit for a given character?
Two- one from mother and one from father
True or false: Alleles can be dominant or recessive only?
False, can be co-dominant, incompletely dominant, polygenic, pleiotropic etc.
What is an example of a trait that has multiple alleles?
Blood type
What is pleiotropy?
Individual genes affect more than one phenotypic character
What is the scientific name to describe someone who has dwarfism?
Achondroplasia