Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
MEDL 2350
1.
The number of cervical vertebrae.
A.
7
5
12
8
B.
C.
D.
2.
The heel bone
A.
Tibia
Calcaneus
Phalange
humerus
B.
C.
D.
3.
The combining form for stiff, or bent
A.
Arthr/o
Myel/o
Ankyl/o
Orth/o
B.
C.
D.
4.
A patient has a work related injury to the
distal phalanx. What structure has been
injured?
A.
Wrist
Back
Finger
breastbone
B.
C.
D.
5.
Which of the following is found in the
upper extremity?
A.
Metatarsal
Hallux
Pollux
Fibula
B.
C.
D.
6.
The breastbone
A.
Sacrum
Femur
Patella
sternum
B.
C.
D.
7.
Which of the following means lower back?
A.
Tendinitis
Lumbar
Chrondrocyst
myoblast
B.
C.
D.
8.
Myorrhaphy
A.
Suture of a muscle
Repair of a muscle
Incision of a muscle
Rupture of a muscle
B.
C.
D.
9.
A patient presents to the ER with a fractured leg
with part of the large bone protruding from the
skin. There is much blood and the wound is
dirty. Which statement is TRUE?
The fibula was involved
B. This is a closed fracture
C. This open fracture contained the femur
D. The tibia was involved in an open fracture
A.
10.
Which structure is found directly inferior to
the last lumbar vertebra?
A.
The
The
The
The
B.
C.
D.
last thoracic vertebra
first sacral vertebra
first coccygeal vertebra
last cervical vertebra
General
► The
cardiovascular system is a series of
tubes and a muscular pump that provides a
ONE-WAY street for blood, oxygen, and
nutrients.
► Blood and nutrients travel through blood
vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
► The lymphatic system is responsible for
draining excess fluid from the tissues and
returning it to the circulatory system.
► The
cardiovascular system is fueled by a
muscular pump called the heart. The heart
is actually two pumps connected by a
SEPTUM.
► The right side of the heart pumps blood that
is deficient in oxygen to the lungs.
► The left side of the heart pumps blood that
is rich in oxygen to the body.
Combining Forms
Angi/o
Vas/o
vessel
Angiogram (record)
Vasospasm (twitching)
aort/o
aorta
Aortostenosis
(narrowing)
Arterio/o
artery
Arteriosclerosis
(condition of hardening)
Ather/o
Fatty plaque
Atheroma
Atri/o
atrium
Atrial
Cardi/o
heart
Cardiomegaly
(enlargement)
Electr/o
electric
Electrocardiogram (record
of electric)
Phleb/o
vein
Ven/o
Phlebitis
Venous
Thromb/o
Blood clot
Thrombolysis
(destruction of
a clot)
Ventricul/o
Ventricle (brain
or heart)
Interventricular
septum
(wall between
the two
ventricles)
The Heart
► The
heart has three distinct layers of tissue.
1. endocardium
- deepest layer.
2. myocardium
- muscle
3. epicardium
- outermost layer
► The
heart is a muscular organ that pumps
blood and is enclosed in a membranous sac.
This sac allows the heart to beat without
friction.
► This sac is called the PERICARDIUM. Perimeans “around”, cardium refers to the
heart.
Peri/cardi/ectomy
- sx procedure excising the pericardium.
Peri/cardi/o/rraphy
- suturing a wound of the pericardium.
My/o/cardi/um
- the muscular layer of the heart.
► There
are two sides of the heart.
► There are two vertical divisions of the heart.
► The
top compartments are ATRIUM
► The bottom compartments are VENTRICLES
► Therefore, there are right and left atrium
and right and left ventricles.
► Abbreviations
for chambers:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
RA
RV
LA
LV
► The
ventricles are larger than the atrium.
This is because the ventricles are
responsible for pumping blood a farther
distance than the atrium.
► Of the two ventricles, the left is larger than
the right. This is because the left ventricle
must pump blood to the entire body.
►A
rapid contraction of the atrium or ventricle
is known as a FLUTTER.
► Atrial flutter can cause chest pain and
shortness of breath (SOB).
► The rule for forming plural words from the
singular that end in –um is to drop the –um
and add an –a.
► The
prefix “tachy-” refers to rapid.
a rapid heartbeat (pulse):
tachycardia
► The
prefix “brady-” refers to slow.
a slow heartbeat (pulse):
bradycardia
► Arteries
bring blood AWAY from the heart.
► Veins bring blood TOWARD the heart.
► Arteries usually carry blood with much
oxygen.
► Veins usually carry blood with little oxygen.
► The RIGHT ATRIUM receives blood from all
tissues of the body through veins. This
blood is oxygen poor.
►
The blood brought back to the heart comes from
three sources:
1.
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) brings blood from
the top part of the body.
INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) brings blood from
the lower part of the body.
CORONARY SINUS brings blood from the heart
muscle.
2.
3.
All three sources empty into the RIGHT ATRIUM.
► Once
inside the right atrium, the blood must
travel to the right ventricle. In order to do
this, it must pass through the TRICUSPID
VALVE.
► The function of all heart valves is to allow
one way travel of blood. It would be
dangerous to have blood backflow because
of different oxygen concentrations.
► Once
inside the right ventricle, the blood passes
through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE into
the PULMONARY ARTERIES.
► The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-deficient
blood to the lungs.
► Once inside the lungs, the blood vessels branch
until they reach one cell layer thick. These
CAPILLARIES combine with the ALVEOLI of the
lungs for the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
► The
blood now has much oxygen. It returns to
the heart by the PULMONARY VEINS. There are
four pulmonary veins that empty into the LEFT
ATRIUM.
► The blood then must pass through the MITRAL
VALVE (BICUSPID VALVE) into the left ventricle.
► From the left ventricle the blood passes through
the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE in the AORTA.
► The aorta is the largest artery of the body.
► The
contraction of the left ventricle sends blood
rich in oxygen all over the body. There are three
arteries that bring blood to the head, neck, and
upper extremities. There is one major vessel that
brings blood to the abdomen and lower
extremities.
► Arteries are the large vessels that bring blood
away from the heart. These vessels branch into
smaller ARTERIOLES which eventually branch into
CAPILLARIES which are only one cell thick.
► The
primary responsibility for initiating the
heartbeat is with the SINOATRIAL NODE.
This is located on the posterior wall of the
right atrium.
► Once this electric current is generated, atrial
muscle contracts forcing blood into the
ventricles. Once this occurs the heartbeat
moves to another region called the
ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE.
► Once
this occurs, the AV node sends
electrical impulses through a series of
BUNDLE BRANCHES ending in PURKINJE
FIBERS that stimulate the ventricles to
contract.
The Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
► The
CARDIAC CYCLE is the events that
occur in one complete heartbeat.
► The cardiac cycle has 2 phases:
1. contraction of the heart: SYSTOLE
2. relaxation of the heart: DIASTOLE
► The
atria and ventricles have different functions
during the cardiac cycle.
► When the atrium are contracting, blood flows into
the ventricles. Therefore, the ventricles have to
be relaxing.
► When the atria are in systole, the ventricles are in
diastole.
► Electrical activity of the heart can be measured by
an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG).
► EKG’s
are electrical tracings of each part of
the cardiac cycle.
► Each time a different part of the heart
contracts, an electrical impulse can be
recorded from different areas on the thorax.
QRS complex –
signals activity
of the Purkinje
fibers and
Bundle of His
P wave – signals
atrial contraction
T wave - signals
ventricular
relaxation
Microcardia
- small heart
Cardiomegaly (megalocardia)
- enlargement of heart
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- heart attack
Hypertension
- high blood pressure
► ATHEROSCLEROSIS
is a form of
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS and is characterized by
an abnormal accumulation of fat and fibrous
tissue (scarring) in a blood vessel.
► This leads to a narrowing of the LUMEN
which causes a decrease in blood flow to a
part of the body.
► This condition can lead to NECROSIS, or
cellular death.
► To
prevent blood clots, patients may take an
ANTICOAGULANT. These are agents that
delay blood coagulation (clotting).
► Anticoagulants are used to prevent
THROMBUS formation
(THROMBOGENESIS).
► THROMBOLYSIS is accomplished with
THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS or medications
that destroy a clot.
► An
ANEURYSM is a weakened blood vessel
wall caused by DILATION of the vessel.
This causes the vessel to balloon and
eventually burst.
► There are two types of aneursym:
1. Fusiform – the wall dilates equally
resulting in a tubular swelling.
2. Sacculated – a balloon is attached to
the vessel by a narrow stalk.
Lymphatics
►
►
The lymphatic system functions to drain excess fluid from
the tissues. They also act as guards against fluid
impurities.
The system includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and
lymph fluid.
Combining Forms:
Aden/o
gland
Lymph/o
lymph
Lymphaden/o
lymph node
Lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
Splen/o
spleen