c.
1750 – c. 1900 CE
Ch 13, pg. 151
Source: AP World History Crash Course
by J.P. Harmon
Most dramatic change since
the Neolithic Revolution
Begins in Britain
Western Europe’s governments
• Richest in the world (thank you Latin American gold and
silver)
• Resulted in more efficient ways to:
• Transport goods
• Grow crops
• Defeat enemies
Geography
The right type of natural resources
• iron
• coal
• good soil
• fast moving rivers
• natural harbors
Social mobility possible with reality of invention
• “a nation of tinkerers”
Banks loaned $$ (££)to inventors
Workforce
• Britain had large number of skilled workers
familiar with use of metal tools
• Contributed to the development of machines
• Enclosure Movement forced many farm workers
to cities to look for work
Why Britain?
Why not … anywhere else?
ONLY Western Europe had ALL the necessary
factors
• Incentive
• Materials
• Skilled labor
Africa had more natural resources but not stable
governments
Ming China strong government and economy but
not resources
India & China tradition of invention but not the
incentive
Industrialization
•
Mechanization of Textile Production
•
Steam Engine (made water power obsolete)
•
Fossile Fuels (Coal, later petroleum, internal combustion engine)
•
Advancements in production of steel was lighter, stronger and
more flexible (king of metals)
Industrialization Spreads:
United States
• US quick to follow GB with the invention of the
cotton gin
• Single crop plantations (cotton, tobacco) and
slavery flourished
• Northeast textile factories; south raw materials
production
• Railroads
By 1900 US world’s largest steel producer
• US Steel world’s 1st billion $ company
Industrialization Spreads:
Japan
• Commodore Perry and the forced opening of
Japan to world trade
• Japan responded by embracing societal,
political and industrial change
• Used western technology to specialize in silk
textiles
• Differing from western: Japanese government
heavily involved in industry
Industrialization Spread:
Russia
Russia’s progress NOT like US and Japan– slow to
transform to industrialization
Russian gov’t primary focus was to support the
elite and the use of serfdom
Russia frees serfs and seeks foreign investment in
industry
Becomes the top producer of steel
Regardless, Russian economy still more like 15 th
century with most peasants still based in
agriculture
Industrialization Spreads:
Latin America
European invested in Latin American early
industrialization
Some railroads were built but LA remained
mostly agricultural and serf based
• Single crop products:
• Coffee
• Bananas
• Wheat
• Beef
• sugar
Industrialization Spreads:
India
• England rules India
• India leading grower of cotton which England eagerly
imported
• Some industry in India to create the thread and clot
Industrialization Spreads:
Other Areas
India
• Cotton production for GB
• Some Industry but not much till 19 th c.
Ottoman Empire
• Limited progress
China
• Peasant labor, hand made items, some industry
(railroad) rejected Western things
Africa
• Remained provider of raw materials
Western Europe and the U.S.
• Movement of workers from rural areas to cites in search of work
due to Agricultural Revolution (loss of job) or desire of change
• Rise of wages caused factory work to be “man’s work”
• Efficiency required fewer workers (women and children no
longer needed)
But children still used in agriculture and mining
Traditional Family structure emerges
•
19th C.
In the “west” they establish compulsory education laws
Women gain right to vote (19th a.) after WWII - 1918
• Wages rising brings about a new social class
Middle class
Western Europe and the U.S.
• Cities developed and grew bigger than
ever in history
• Mass migration to cities caused deplorable
conditions
• Overcrowded housing
• Pollution
• High crime rates
• These conditions lead to sweeping
changes in gov’t policies
Western Europe and the U.S.
Art and literature changed as well
• Left the Romantic era of art and shifted to
Realism
• Invention of the camera
• Development of artistic style of Impressionism
• Deliberately unfocused scenes of nature
• Charles Dickens
• Oliver Twist
• David Copperfield
• A Christmas Carol
Latin America
• Limited impact of Ind Rev
• Social structures and gender roles continued
status quo
• Mass migration of Europeans to Latin America
• Japanese immigrants came to western South
America as laborers
• Global Markets demand machine-made goods
• Large banks loan $$ for foreign investments
• British East India & Dutch East India – first 2
• United Fruit Corporation - bananas
• Exchange of goods & money caused economies
to grow fast
• Established gold standard for world currencies
2nd Industrial Revolution
• Steam  Gas
• Telephone & Telegraph & Radio
• Trolley Cars, Subways
• Automobile
• Modern Chemistry, Fertilizers
• Science & Medicine
• Clean water, Small Pox, Sterilization, Anesthetics, Aspirin
Science and Medicine
Science and Faith cross
• Charles Darwin
• Natural selection
• Humans and apes have similar characteristics
• SOCIAL DARWINISM
• Wherein the superior races must naturally defeat inferior ones
Huge changes in society from the Industrial
Revolution resulted in unrest among the urban poor.
Revolts from 1820s – 1840s tore through Europe
with 2 goals: political freedom and economic
opportunity
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
REVOLTS, REFORMS AND FAMINE
Pressure in Cities and Factories
• Overcrowding cities created many
problems
• Disease, scarce housing and unemployment
• Lower classes suffered the most
• Government leaders slow to respond to calls
for reform for what ever the reason…
• Mid 19th c, political pressure from middle class
to help the urban poor
• Poor working conditions, long hours, low
pay
Calls for Change
• European activists rallied the urban poor
to protest
• Middle class urged to use new voting
rights to help the working class
• Women still have no suffrage
• Labor unions begin to form
• Illegal until late 19th c in Europe
Socialism
• Karl Marx
• Considered the most radical
• 1848, wrote “Communist Manifesto”
• Demanded the overthrow of the “haves” by the
“have nots”
• Bourgeoisie
• proletariat
• Dreamed of the creation of classless society
where ALL were politically, socially,
economically equal
Effects
• Middle class didn’t support the urban poor
as planned
• But did cause change
• Police services
• Cleaner water (London)
• Built public housing (Paris)
• Unemployment and social security benefits
(Germany)
Irish Famine
•
•
•
•
Diseased produce delivered to Ireland
Potato Blight
Spread rapidly through Ireland
Killed about 1 million, another million
migrated to US
• Caused increased support in Europe for
government programs to aid the poor as
general policy
Enlightenment
• Scientific Rev sparked the idea that the human
condition could be improved by applying
rational thought
• Enlightenment principles based on:
• Individual equality
• Voltaire & Rousseau
• All men created equal; none should be treated different
than another because of birth
• King is not automatically “better” than a commoner
• American Declaration of Independence based on these
ideas
American Revolution
• First place Enlightenment principles were
applied on a large scale
• Effects of the American Rev
• Gave encouragement to others that a group of
colonies could overthrow their mother country
• Some say that the AR was not revolutionary at
all since elites were still in power after
• But the opposite can also be argued that even
with slavery, the US was still the most
democratic government in the world
French Revolution
• Not a colonial struggle, kind of like a
civil war with different goals
• Many stages of the revolution
• Constitutional monarchy
• Execution of the king
• Republic
• Dictatorship disguised as Empire
French Revolution
• Much more violent than American
• Great Fear
• Reign of Terror
• guillotine
Napoleon
• Claimed to be a child of the
Enlightenment…HA!!!
• Military dictator
• Enacted some beneficial reforms
• Overturned many monarchies throughout
Europe
• Defeated by a European coalition
• Congress of Vienna
• Redrew the boundaries of Europe
• Created several new nations
Haiti
•
•
•
•
On the heels of the French Revolution
Saint Dominigue
Slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture
Napoleon sent an army to quash the
rebellion, but failed
• Napoleon decided that keeping the colony
was too expensive anyway and gave up
Haiti
• Results:
• Establishment of the 2nd republic
• Haiti never really economically successful
because large crops of sugar and coffee
destroyed and replaced by small
unprofitable farms
Latin America
• Haitian success inspired the rest of LA
colonies to attempt revolt
• Simon Bolivar and other upper class
Creole elites helped LA colonies gain
independence
• LA had few educated people and a huge
gap between elite and poor
Latin America
• Elite remained in power making
establishing stable governments difficult
• Little social and economic change for the
non-elites
• Women’s rights frequently discussed but
less frequently enacted
c. 1750 – c. 1900 CE
Cause of Imperialism
Nationalism
• Sense of pride and devotion to one’s country
• Powerful factor in empire-building
• Unofficial competition for territory
• Catch up
The Industrial Revolution
• Western nations used products of the Industrial Revolution to gain the upper hand of Africans
• Western Europeans reached the interior of Africa for the first time
Industrial Revolution
Economic
• Control of world markets spread from just governments to include multinational corporations
• Economic stakes higher in “new” imperialism because amount and value greater
• Europeans saw Africa and Asia as potential markets for their goods
• (products of the Industrial Revolution)
Industrial Revolution
“The White Man’s Burden”
• White Europeans believed they were doing the people in Africa, Asia and Oceania a favor
• Bringing the unfortunate of the world (non-Europeans) technology was noble
• Medicine
• Education
• Christianity
• Rudyard Kipling
• “The White Man’s Burden” poem
Imperialism in Africa
European Imperialism in Africa before the 19 th Century
• Classical era (600 BCE – 600 CE) Mediterranean coast North of Sahara
• 16th century Portuguese set up military outposts along both coasts but NO colonies
• Dutch East India Company establish a colony at Cape Town, South Africa
Imperialism in Africa
Early 19th Century, Britain began to send settlers to South Africa
• Causing tension with Dutch settlers “Boers”
• Increased already existing tension with native
1830s France colonized Algeria and then most of NW Africa
Belgium began the “scramble” in 1880s in central Africa in The Congo
By 1914 all by 2 areas controlled by Europeans
Scramble for Africa
Started by King Leopold of Belgium in the 1880s
European countries tried to then out-do the others
Met at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Effectively divided Africa (without the consent of Africans) like a pizza
Berlin Conference
Imperialism in Asia & Pacific
Much more difficult to bring under European control
• Asian gov’ts more stable
• Ottoman Empire had large military
• Japan also major power in Pacific
• China was not desired for territory but economic reasons
Imperialism in Asia & Pacific
Britain in India
“Jewel in the Crown”
Britain won the Seven Years’ War with France and gained their overseas holdings
• Canada
• Much of South Asia (with help of the British East India Company)
Imperialism in Asia & Pacific
Britain in India
“Jewel in the Crown”
East India Co. folded and Brit gov’t began direct control of India
Remained of 1947
Also extended their control to Malaysia, Singapore and several islands
U.S. Imperialism
“Manifest Destiny” “Sea to Shining Sea”
• Louisiana Purchase 1803
• 1840s war with Mexico for Texas and Pacific coast territory south of Canada
• Alaska from Russia1867 (“Seward’s Folly)
• Several Pacific Islands (refueling stations) by 1900
• Spanish-American War gained Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico
• Annexed Hawaii
German Imperialism
Established in 1871
Primary goal was to catch up with other European countries
• particularly Britain
Germany hosted the Berlin Conference for ulterior motives
• To gain colonies in Africa
Also gained islands in South Pacific
• Marshalls, Solomons, Carolines, W. Samoa
Japanese Imperialism
Meiji Restoration changed make-up of gov’t in 1860s
Proved to be eager of become more Westernized
Began aggressively to create their empire
• Sino-Japanese War 1890s
• Gained Korea
• Russo-Japanese War1905
• Gained Manchuria
Africa
Scramble for Africa 1885
Peaceful division of African territory among European countries
Little to no concern for African people
Social Darwinism
• “superior” civilizations deserved to conquer those considered “inferior”
Africa
Britain attempted to connect colonies in North Africa with those in South Africa
• “from Capetown to Cairo”
• Cecil Rhodes
Africa
Social efforts mixed
Christianity spread in sub-Saharan Africa but not in Muslim held North
Attempts to “civilize” with clothing and education
Some African elites sent to Europe for education
European literature reflects “civilizing” themes
• Tarzan
• Heart of Darkness
Asia and the Pacific
Not as impactful in this era because of previous contact
Variety of methods used to gain control
• Malaysia treaties with local rulers = indirect control
• France used combination military force and diplomacy to control SE Asia
Asia and the Pacific
England in India used “Sepoys” of control native population
• Native Indian military forces
• Generally loyal to Britain
• Deviated from this in 18..s
Opium Wars in China
Britain wanted to trade more w/China
China refused
Britain began smuggling opium into China
China protested, went to war and lose
China forced to sign several unfair treaties that increased Britain’s economic
presence
Britain gained the island of Hong Kong
Opium Wars in China
This resulted in other imperial nations to do the same in China
Created “Spheres of Influence”
• Individual areas of exclusive trading rights in China
“Open Door Policy”
• Proposed by US (because they didn’t have a SoI
• Resulted in a trading free for all
Asia and the Pacific
Christian missionaries less effective in Asia than in Africa
European literature reflected the lure of the exotic
• “White Man’s Burden”
• http://www.online-literature.com/keats/922/
• Jungle Book
Reaction in Africa
Variety of African reactions to European Imperialism
• Violent, warfare
• Reluctant acceptance
• Full cooperation
Warfare
• French spent YEARS subduing local rebellions
• Dutch Boers in South Africa rebelled against British colonial power (Boer War)
• British battled Zulus in southern Africa; Muslims in Sudan
Reluctant acceptance OR full cooperation
• Other Africans signed treaties and acted as guides/interpreters
• Ruling African elite families cooperated with Europeans for financial gain
• Many of these elites went to Europe for education and returned to begin independence
movements
Reaction in Asia
Same pattern as in Africa
Rebellion, reluctant or full cooperation
Military resistance
• In Afghanistan (Brits)
• In Philippines (US)
• China (all foreigners): Taiping , Boxer Rebellion
Military Resistance
• India (Brits)
• Sepoy = Indian soldiers employed by Brits
• Took Brits a year to quell rebellion
• End of Mughal Dynasty
• End of indirect Brit rule in India
• Beginning of direct control; British raj
Reaction in Asia
Cooperation
• Many Indian soldiers remained loyal to British government after the Sepoy Rebellion
• Siam (Thailand) invited Brit representatives in to help “westernize” Siam
• Anna and the King
• The King and I