DNA
Name:
Date:
DO NOT LOSE THIS!!!
… history, structure, function and current uses
In the space provided, write what you already know about DNA…
Griffith & Avery
1928
1950
1952
Rosalind Franklin
Chargaff
Hershey & Chase
1952
1953
Watson & Crick
Key Terms:
-Gene:_____________________________________________________________________
-DNA:_____________________________________________________________________
-Nucleotide:________________________________________________________________
-Purine:____________________________________________________________________
-Pyrimidine:_________________________________________________________________
-Complementary Base Pairing:___________________________________________________
-Watson & Crick:_____________________________________________________________
-Rosalind Franklin:____________________________________________________________
-DNA Replication:____________________________________________________________
-DNA Helicase:______________________________________________________________
-DNA Polymerase:____________________________________________________________
-Eukaryotic DNA:_____________________________________________________________
-Gene Expression:_____________________________________________________________
-RNA:______________________________________________________________________
mRNA:________________________ rRNA:____________________ tRNA:______________
Transcription:________________________________________________________________
Translation:_________________________________________________________________
Codon:_____________________________________________________________________
Adenine:___________________________________________________________________
Thymine:___________________________________________________________________
Guanine:____________________________________________________________________
Cytosine:____________________________________________________________________
Uracil:_____________________________________________________________________
Amino Acid:_________________________________________________________________
Tic-Tac-Toe Project-
choose 3 of the following project using the rules of Tic-Tac-Toe
(Three across, three down, or 3 diagonal)
Project Total: ______ /75 points
Create DNA Strand Drawing or
Model
Describe Translation and
Transcription
Create Lost Pet Ad
Min. 8.5 X 11 in ____/5
Uses appropriate key terms ___/5
Label all parts including all parts
___/5
Include brief summary of design
___/5
Give title to work ___/5
Answer who, what, where, why and how
___/5
Include image of Translation and
Transcription ____/10
Uses color ___/5
Describe pet's outward appearance
___/5
Link outward appearance to 5 amino
acids sequences ___/5
Revert Amino Acids into mRNA ___/5
Uses color ____/5
Use Figure 14 for help
Total points _____ /25
Total points _____/25
Revert mRNA back into DNA sequence
___/5
(Must get handout from teacher to
complete)
Total points ___/25
Compare with a Venn Diagram
Write a poem
Write a song or rap
5 items listed in each section of
diagram ____/7.5
Used 15 items from key terms
____/10
Color and decorate Venn Diagram
____/2.5
Min. 8.5 X 11 in paper ____ /5
1-2 minutes long ____/5
Each word or phrase must being with on
of the letters of the word biology ___/5
Typed or neatly written BIOLOGY from
top --> bottom, or left side of paper
___/5
Use color ____/5
Include 15 key terms ____/5
Illustration of poem ___/5
Include 1 image in each part of
diagram ___/5
Copy of lyrics given to teacher ____/5
Must have a melody or beat ____/5
Total points _____/ 25
Total points _____/ 25
Performed live or play recording for
class ____/5
Total Points _______/25
Design a Collage
Update Facebook
Write a Shakespearean Soliloquy
Min. 11 X 17 in collage ____/5
Uses facebook template _____/5
Min. of 15 key terms ____/10
Writes and labels 15 key terms
____/10
Includes entire process of DNA
Replication or process of
Transcription/Translation ___/5
Include 15 key terms ____/10
Include min. of 10 lines ___/5
Has 10 different images on collage
____/5
Collage has color ___/5
Total Points ______/25
Fights against recent trends and uses
complete sentences____/5
Total Points ____/25
Neatly typed or written (no loose-leaf)
___/5
Perform for class ___/5
Total Points ____/25
Who are all these people?
(Griffith, Avery, Watson and Crick…)
On pages 294-295 and 298-299 read about the following people:
Frederick Griffith:
A) What was he working with?
B) Give a brief (1-2 sentences) of his procedure.
C) What did he discover?
Oswald Avery
A) What was he working with?
B) What did he discover?
Hershey-Chase
A) What did they work with?
B) Give a brief outline of their procedure. (Can be summarized figure 3)
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
C) What did they discover?
Chargaff & Franklin
A) What did Chargaff notice in his experiments?
B) How did Rosalind Franklin further Chargaff’s discovery?
Watson & Crick (SUPER IMPORTANT!!!)
A) What did Watson and Crick set out to do?
B) What materials did they use to build this?
C) What did the model show?
The Shape of DNA
From the experiments conducted by the scientists you researched above, and the model Watson &
Crick, we now know the structure of DNA.
______ is like a winding stair case. It is composed of:
____ parallel strands that form a _____________ helix.
Each strand of the DNA is made up of subunits called ________________.
Nucleotides:
Nucleotides are the subunits of a nucleic acid. There is a:
1) Sugar
2)Phosphate
3) Nitrogenous Base
Nitrogenous bases:
2 kinds: _______________, Pyrimidines
Purines: have a double ring structure
Pyrimidines: have a single ring structure
How the bases pair up
Chargaff noticed that in a DNA strand, the amount of Adenine (A) always equaled the amount of
Thymine (T).
Similarly, he noticed that the amount of Guanine (G) always equaled the amount of Cytosine (C)
Watson and Crick used this information to construct their model of DNA, pairing up A-T and G-C.
These composed the “steps” of the ladder, but what is holding them in place?
A sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate.
Sketch pg 298 Figure 5, bottom diagram
In the chart below lies the nitrogenous base count for 4 different organisms. Using Chargaff’s rule,
fill in any missing information in the chart below. (Numbers represent a percent {%}, all 4 should add
up to 100.)
DNA Replication
DNA is made of two strands of ____________________________ base pairs.
_______ = _______
and
_______= _______
When DNA wants to make more of itself, it replicates.
How DNA replicates itself
Since DNA is made of two strands that complement themselves, each strand can serve as a template
to make a new strand.
DNA replication occurs in three steps.
Step 1: DNA unwinds, separating the DNA strands
DNA replication begins when the ___________ ________ unwinds. The resulting structure forms
a Y-shape, kind of like a fork. Hence, we refer to this as a “replication fork” (clever scientists!)
Step 2: New complementary bases are added
At the replication fork, new nucleotides are added to each side, forming new ________ _________
These new base pairs following the rules we learned before ( ____  _____ / ______ _____)
Step 3: Two Identical DNA molecules
Two identical DNA molecules are produced. Each strand of DNA has an original and a new strand.
The process of DNA replication is called ________________________________________.
Replication Proteins
DNA cannot unwind just by itself. Its needs little helpers along the way in order to complete this
process.
Thankfully, we have proteins that assist our DNA is unzipping, matching base pairs, and zipping back
up! (Golly gee proteins, you’re the best!)
DNA Helicase
Proteins called ____ __________________ are responsible for unwinding the ___________
during DNA replication. It acts like your hand when you unzip the zipper on your jacket
These proteins are responsible for the production of the replication fork.
DNA Polymerase
Proteins called _____ _________________________ are responsible for the formation of the
new DNA molecule. At the replication fork, DNA polymerase moves along each base, adding the
______________________ nucleotide.
This process is not always perfect! Sometimes an incorrect base with be paired up, for example a
Thymine (T) might pair up with a Guanine (G). OH MY GOODNESS I’M GOING TO BECOME A
MUTANT AND EAT MY FRIENDS.
No, you’re not. Thankfully, DNA Polymerases also have a proofreading function, kind of like
spellcheck on Microsoft word except way better.
When the wrong nucleotide is added to the new strand, DNA polymerase is halted in its tracks. It
cannot add another nucleotide further down the line until the previous nucleotide is correctly paired
with its complementary base.
What do you notice about the previous image?
DNA is paired from a _____ end to a ______ end!
The new DNA strand during replication always goes in the ______ direction.
RNA and Gene Expression
________ __________________
is the manifestation of genes into specific traits.
Genes are able to express themselves in a trait because of two stages:
____________________________________- When DNA is made into RNA
____________________________________- When RNA is coded into a Protein
This is what we call the Central Dogma (oooo, fancy term!)
DNA 
RNA 
Proteins
Transcription:
When _______ is made from the information in _______, it is called transcription.
**A good analogy is you copying from the projector notes onto your own personally note sheet.**
Translation:
When the RNA has officially been transcribed, it is then ____________ into a specific protein.
**Think of this as going from a foreign language to a language you are familiar with**
The RNA is in “nucleic acid” language and it must translate the language into a protein, or “amino
acid” language.
Figure 10
RNA: 3 types
There are 3 types of RNA: messenger RNA (____), transfer RNA (____), & ribosomal RNA (____)
RNA vs. DNA
Similar to DNA, RNA is a _____________ _________. A nucleic acid is made up of 3 nucleotide
subunits: 1) ___________________ 2) ___________________ 3)___________________
RNA differs however from DNA in __ ways.
1) RNA is only single-stranded. As DNA is a __________________ _____________.
2) RNA has a 5-carbon ribose sugar. As in DNA, is has a sugar ___________________.
**What this means is that RNA has one most oxygen atom than in its sugar than DNA**
3) RNA does NOT has Thymine. Instead it has a base called ________________.
Therefore in RNA: ______  ______ and ______  _______
DNA: ______  ________ and _______  _________
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA): When DNA is transcribed into RNA, the result is _______. mRNA is
______________________ to the DNA sequence. This RNA carries the instructions for making a
protein from a gene
Transfer RNA( tRNA): During the process of translation, ______ reads the ______ sequence. The
transfer RNA then makes a specific sequence of protein subunits called “Amino Acids”. The tRNA
acts like a translator.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Proteins are made on ribosomes. When RNA is found in a ribosome, we call
it _________.
What structure in the cell has ribosomes attached to it? What analogy did we use?
The Process of Transcription:
Transcription is when DNA (which carries genes) is transcribed into _____.
It occurs in 3 basic steps:
Step 1: RNA Polymerase binds to a specific DNA sequence for a gene at a ____________ site.
**This is like the starting line for a race**
Step 2: RNA Polymerase, similar to DNA polymerase __________ and _________________ the
two strands of the double helix to expose the DNA bases.
Step 3: RNA polymerase adds and links the __________________ RNA bases as it reads the gene
on the DNA strand.
** Imagine a locomotive train on a train track, choo choo!**
Transcription follows a base-pairing ruling, very similar to DNA replication.
When RNA is going down the separated strand of DNA, when it comes across a “G” on the DNA
strand, the RNA strand creates a ____. When an “A” on the DNA is present, it codes for a ____ .
______  _______ & ______  _________
Practice: Using the DNA strand below, give the corresponding mRNA sequence:
3’ TAC AGT TCT CAA 5’
The Genetic Code:
A gene is kind of like a sentence of words that is transcribed and translated. (Class is think: Huh?)
The gene is the sentence, and each word in the sentence tells an important part. When you want to
transport the sentence from the projector to your notes, you transcribe it. If it is in a language you
do not understand, you translate it.
Codons of mRNA
If the mRNA is like the sentence you write on your own notes, each word represent a ________.
A codon is a ____________-_____________________ sequence that is matched up to 1 of ___
amino acids.
The chart below shows the 3 letters of mRNA and the Amino Acid they code for. (Figure 13)
1) If in an mRNA strand you saw the letters CGU, what Amino acid would that code for?
2) What about the letters UGU?
3) What about the letters AUG?
4) What about the letters UAA?
START and STOP codons are NOT amino acids. They inform of us where a gene begins production
of a protein. Similar to a start and stopping line of a race.