Chemistry
Notes
Atoms
The nucleus of an
atom includes:
protons and
neutrons.
Electrons orbit the
nucleus in specific
energy levels.
Elements
• The number of protons never changes – this
equals the atomic number.
(If the number of protons changes, it is a
different element.)
• The number of electrons generally equals
the number of protons.
(We won’t worry about
exceptions in this class.)
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Chemical Bonds
3 main types of chemical bonds:
Covalent - atoms share electrons equally
Ionic – one atom hogs the electrons from
another (Think of it like a 5-year-old taking
a 3-year-old’s toy and hogging it.)
Macromolecules
Organic VS Inorganic
 Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in
living things
 Exceptions: hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonate HCO3-,
carbonates (CO32−)and oxides of carbon (CO or CO2)
Monomer
Mono = one
Mere = part
 Sub units that are strung together to create larger
molecules
Polymer
 Poly =many
 Large molecule made up of multiple monomers
Think Pair Share
Create an analogy to explain the
relationship between monomers and
polymers.
Dehydration Synthesis
 Hydro = water
 A reaction that links together monomers
 Removes a –H from one monomer and a –OH from
the other monomer
 Those come together to form a water molecule H2O
 Requires energy to build molecules
Example: Your liver links glucoses together to form a
stable storage molecule called glycogen (aka animal
starch)
Dehydration Synthesis Sucrose
Hydrolysis
 Hydro = water
 Lysis = break
 Breaks down polymers
 Breaks a bond between monomers
 Uses water to add an –H to one monomer and an –OH
to the other
 Releases energy
 Example – salivary amylase breaks starch into
disaccharide sugar in your mouth while you chew
Hydrolysis of Sucrose
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Carbohydrates/Sucrose
Think Pair Share
Draw a Venn Diagram to compare
and contrast Hydrolysis and
Dehydration Synthesis.
Carbohydrates
 Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a hexagon or pentagon
 Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose)
 Polymers:
Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars sucrose)
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides (starch,
cellulose)
 Names end in –ose
 Ose= sugar
 Sacchar = sugar
Monosaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose),
milk (Galactose)
 Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle
chloroplast
 Your brain runs on glucose!
Simple sugar foods
Disaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: Table
sugar (sucrose)
Malt sugar (maltose - forms from
breakdown of starches including grains)
Milk sugar (lactose – think lactose
intolerant)
 Produced by plants storing products of
photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle
the chloroplast – think maple syrup
Complex sugar foods
Polysaccharides
 Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than
glucose)
and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose)
 Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber
(cellulose indigestible for humans)
 Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and
made by plants into cell walls from glucose made
during photosynthesis by the chloroplast
Starchy foods
Construct a Carbohydrate
With a partner use marshmallows and
toothpicks to construct the following
molecules:
1. Monosaccharide
2.Disaccharide
3.Polysaccharide (4 glucoses long)
You must have me check each molecule
before moving on.
Lipids (Oils, Fats, Waxes)
 Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a glycerol with one or 2 tails.
 Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains
 Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3 fatty
acid chains
Constructing a Triglyceride
Lipids
 Uses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes
(cholesterol and phospholipids),
 Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax
 Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the
organelle smooth ER
 Your body uses it for chemical messengers
(steroids), insulation and padding your organs
Oils VS Fats
 Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room temperature
 Oils are stored in seeds of plants
 Fats are stored under skin or around organs of
animals
Think Pair Share
What types of foods would you eat
to avoid a high fat diet?
Fatty foods
Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated
fats have one
or more
double bonds
between
carbons so they
do not have all
the possible
hydrogens
Constructing a Lipid
With a partner use orange slices,
licorice and toothpicks to
construct a triglyceride molecule
You must show me your
molecule before you move on.
Proteins
 Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P
 Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different)
 Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into
proteins
Amino Acid Structure
20 different
amino acids
Proteins
 Uses: Structure of body tissues - muscles,
bones, blood, hair, skin - most of your body
 Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans
 Produced by process of protein synthesis in
the organelle ribosome (made from recipe in
DNA)
Folding a Protein
A – amino acid sequence
-1st level
B/C – amino acids are
twisted or folded – 2nd
level
D – the twisted chain is
folded – 3rd level
E – multiple chains are
arranged together – 4th
level (hemoglobin)
Think Pair Share
What is the difference between
a polypeptide and a protein?
High Protein Foods
Construct a Protein
With a partner use Fruit Loops and
string to construct a polypeptide
chain 20 amino acids long.
Then fold up your chain to create a
protein.
Nucleic Acids
 Elements: C,H,O,N,P
 Monomers: Nucleotides
 Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group,
a sugar (deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA)
and a Nitrogen Base
 Nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine, (uracil)
 Polymers: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide Structure
Nucleic Acids
 Uses: DNA carries genetic information and
directions to make proteins
RNA makes proteins and is the structure of the
ribosome
 Produced by the process of DNA replication
in the nucleus from existing DNA
x
DNA to Protein