• Colonization of Americas, South Asia, Africa
and China
• Europe had little influence on lives of the
people
• Strong, centrally governed nation-states had
emerged
Economic Interests
• Manufacturers wanted
access to natural resources
• Rubber, manganese, palm
oil
• Colonies offered a valuable
outlet for Europe’s growing
population
Political and Military Interests
• Steam-powered merchant
ships and naval vessels
needed bases
• Industrial powers seized
islands or harbors
• Western leaders claimed
colonies cause of national
security
• Increased nation’s prestige
Humanitarian Goals
• Missionaries, doctors and
colonial official believed
they had a duty to spread
the blessings of western
civilization
Social Darwinism
• Embraced natural selection
and survival of the fittest
• European races were
superior to all others
• Imperial conquest and
destruction of weaker races
were simply nature’s way of
improving the human
species
Weakness of Nonwestern States
• Older civilizations in decline
• Ottoman Empire, Mughal
India, Qing china
• Wars among African people
and the slave trade
Western Advantages
• Strong economies, wellorganized governments,
powerful armies and navies
• Superior technology &
improved medical
knowledge
• Quinine, Maxim machine
guns, repeating rifles,
steam-driven warships
Resistance
• Ruling areas tried to
strengthen their societies
against reforming their own
Muslim, Hindu, or
Confucian Traditions.
• Many western-educated
Africans and Asians
organized nationalist
movement to expel the
imperialists from their lands
Criticism at Home
• Anti-imperialists argued
colonialism was a tool of
the rich and immoral
• Westerners were moving
toward greater democracy
at home but were imposing
undemocratic rule on other
people
Colonies
French
• French practiced direct rule, sending officials
and soldiers from France to administer their
colonies, impose French culture
British
• British relied on a system of indirect rule,
using sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers
• Encouraged the children of the local ruling
class to get an education in Britain
• Protectorates
– Local rulers were left in place but were expected
to follow the advice of European advisors
– Cost less to run than a colony, did not require a
large commitment of military forces
• Spheres of Influence
• Area in which an outside power claimed
exclusive investment or trading privileges
Spoke hundreds of languages and varied governments
North Africa
• Sahara Desert and Fertile land along the Med.
• Close ties to Muslim world
• Under rule of Ottoman Empire
West Africa
• Islamic reform movement brought change
• Usman dan Fodio preached jihad
• New Muslim states arose, built on trade,
farming, and herding
• Forest regions
– Asante Kingdom
East Africa
• Port cities carried profitable trade
• Cargoes were often slaves
• Marched from interior to coast with slaves
• Ivory and Copper from Central Africa
Southern Africa
• Shaka united the Zulu nation
• Mass migration and wars
• Zulus were battling Boers
Slave Trade
• Europeans began to outlaw slave trade
• Slave trade continued to Middle East and Asia
• Britain and US helped freed slaves resettle in
Africa
• 1787 Sierra Leone as colony former slaves
• Liberia free blacks from U.S.
Explorers
• European explorers pushed the interior of
Africa
• Mungo Park and Richard Burton set out to
map the course and sources of the Great
African rivers
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Missionaries
Catholic and Protestant
Sought to win people to Christianity
Sincere in desire to help
Built schools, medical clinics and churches
Saw Africans as children in need of guidance
African cultures and religions were degraded
Urged Africans to reject their own traditions
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Livingstone
Crisscrossed Africa
Sympathy and less bias
Opposed slave trade
Henry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to
find Livingston
• King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to
explore the Congo River basin
• Berlin Conference (1884)
• No Africans were invited
• European countries must set up government
in any claim in Africa
• Established new Africans borders and frontiers
• Redrew the map of Africa
• Horrors in the Congo
• Wealthy Belgium's exploited the riches
• Forced to work for almost nothing, beaten or
mutilated
• Leopold turn colony to Belgian government
• Little or no role in government or economy
French Expansion
• Algeria in North Africa
• Med. into Tunisia
• West and Central Africa
• Britain Expansion
• West and East Africa
• Egypt and Sudan and Cape Colony (South Africa)
• Boer War 1899-1902
• Portuguese
– Angola and Mozambique
• German Empire
– Eastern and southwestern Africa
• Italy
– Libya , horn of Africa
• Algerians battled French
• Samori Toure fought French forces
• British battled the Zulus
• Asante in West Africa
• Maji-maji Rebellion 1905
Ethiopia
• Menelik II modernized
• Imported weapons and Europeans train army
• Only nation to preserve independence
Three Muslim Empires
• Mughals, Ottoman Empire, Safavids
• 1700s in decline
• Corruption
Islamic Reform Movement
• Stressed religious piety and rules of behavior
• Returned to purity and simplicity
European Imperialism
• Won treaties giving favorable trading terms
• Extended across the Middle East, North Africa,
and Southeastern Europe
• Nationalists Revolts
• Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians
gain independence
• Arabia, Lebanon and Armenia revolted
• Lost control of Egypt
• Efforts to Westernize
• Reorganize bureaucracy and system of tax
collection
• Built railroads, improved education, European
officers to train military
• Men sent to study new sciences and
technology
• Better medical care and revitalized farming
Young Turks
• Overthrew the sultan
• Ended when WWI erupted
Massacre of Armenians
• Brutal genocide of Armenians
• Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian
Armenians accused of supporting Russian
plans against Ottoman empire
• A million + Armenians were killed
Muhammad Ali
• Improved tax collection, reorganized the
landholding system, large irrigation projects to
increase farm output
• Increased Egyptian participation in world trade
Suez Canal (1859)
• Ferdinand de Lesseps
• 100-mile waterway links the Med. And Red Sea
• Egypt ruler unable to repay debt, sold his shares
to Britain prime minister
• Qajar shahs ruled Iran from 1794-1925
• Gov’t improved finances, sponsored the
building of telegraph lines and railroads,
experimented with liberal constitution
• Russia and Britain set up sphere of influence
in Iran
• Iranian gov’t granted concessions
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Many people and cultures
British took advantage of Indian divisions
Main goal was to make money
Improved roads, preserve peace, and reduce
banditry.
Tried to convert to Christianity
Worked to end slavery and caste system
Improved position of women
Outlawed sati
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Unpopular moves
1st Required sepoys to serve anywhere
2nd a law allowing Hindu widows to remarry
1857 issued new rifles to sepoys
Angry sepoys rebelled
Massacred British men, women and children.
British rallied and crushed the revolt
Revenge – torched villages and killed thousands
of unarmed Indians.
• Parliament ended East India Company rule 1858
• Viceroy
• Modernized India adopting technology and
culture
• Market of raw materials
• Built roads and railroad network
• New methods of communication
• Ruined India’s hand-weaving industry
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Nomadic herders into farmers of cash crops
Massive deforestation
Population growth put strain on food supply
Legal system to promote justice for Indians
Upper classes sent sons to British schools
• Ram Mohun Roby combined Hindu and
Muslim cultures
• Learn from the west
• Condemned traditions, rigid caste distinctions,
child marriage, sati, purdah
• Set up educational societies
• 1855 nationalist leaders organized the Indian
National Congress
• Greater democracy would bring more power
to Indians
• At first Muslims and Hindus worked together
• Muslims grew to resent domination
• Worried Hindu’s would oppress Muslims
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China sold silk, porcelain and tea
China Enjoyed trade surplus
Westerners had a trade deficit
Two developments transformed China’s relations
1st China entered a period of decline
2nd Expanded markets for European goods
• British made huge profits by trading opium
grown in India for Chinese tea
• Chinese became addicted
• Chinese gov’t outlawed opium / Killed dealers
• 1839 warships clashed with British merchants
• Chinese easily defeated
• Treaty of Nanjing
• Huge indemnity, Hong Kong, opened five
ports, extraterritoriality
• Qing dynasty in decline
• Irrigation systems and canals poorly maintained
– massive flooding in Huang He Valley
• Hardships for peasants, tax evasion, official
corruption
• 1850-1864
• Most devastating peasant revolt in history
• Hong Xiuquan wanted to establish a
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
• Endorsed social ideas
Land reform, community ownership of
property, equality of women and men
• Taiping rebels won control for 14 years
• 20-30 mil. deaths
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Scholar-officials no reasons for new industries
Disapproved of western ideas
Technology was dangerous
Empress Ci Xi
Imported western technology
Factories, shipyards, railroads, mining
• Sino-Japanese War 1894
• Japan gained Taiwan
• British
– Yangzi River
• French
– Land near Indochina
• German
– Northern China
• Russia
– Northern China
• Guang Xu
• New laws set to modernize civil service exams,
streamline government, encouraged new
industries
• Affected schools, military and bureaucracy
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Boxer Uprising 1899
Expelled “foreign devils”
China admitted women to schools
Expanded economically
Business class emerged, new urban working class
• 1st nationalism, freeing China from foreign
domination
• 2nd democracy
• 3rd “livelihood”
• Sun Yixian named president Chinese republic