Biology II Dissection
The Promised Land
Kingdom Anamalia
• Animal Kingdom contains organisms
that are:
– multicellular
– diploid
– heterotrophic
– ingestive nutrition
– eukaryotic
– oogamous sexual reproduction
– blastula embryonic development
Kingdom Anamalia
• The Animal Kingdom contains the most
species (more than 1 million known and an
estimated 1 million undiscovered)
• Animals are divided into 10 phyla divided
into subphyla, classes and orders
• 5 Lower Invertebrates(sponges, jellyfish
some worms)
• 4 Higher Invertebrates(snails,insects,starfish)
• 1 Chordata (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
mammals & me & you)
Kingdom Anamalia
• Multicellular Animals = Metazoa
• The metazoan cell is a specialized part
of the whole organism and is
incapable of independent existence
• Protozoan cells can live independently
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 1) Number of cells/level of organization,
cells > tissues > organs > systems
• 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers”
• diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm &
endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer
“middle glue”
• triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue
- mesoderm - support & movement
- endoderm - digestive organs,
spleen, pancreas
Kingdom Anamalia
• Embryonic layers develop into body layers
• Most animals become a “tube within a tube”
• Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the
digestive tract
• Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense
organs
• In between tubes, mesoderm, are
reproductive, muscular, circulatory and
excretion systems.
Kingdom Anamalia
• Animals with three body layers can be divided
into three categories
• acoelomates have no space between their layers
• coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the
mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body
organs to move independently.
• Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel
between layers
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 3) Determination of basic structural relationships
• Homologies - homologous structures - a structure
with similar structure and derived from the same
embryonic tissue
• (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of
a human)
• Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with
similar function but different embryonic tissues
• (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
• 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult
• Asymmetry - no equal sides
• Radial symmetry - central point, several places
to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish
• Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry
ex. Human
Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement
•
•
•
•
•
Related terms:
anterior, posterior, transverse plane
ventral, dorsal, coronal plane,
sagittal plane, bi-symmetrical
proximal & distal
Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms
•
•
•
•
•
Oral - toward the mouth
Aboral - away from the mouth
Caudal - toward the tail
Lateral - on the side
Medial - toward the midline
Dissection Photos
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
63 again
64
66
65
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Fetal
Pig