Trends through Animal Kingdom
Simple
Porifera
Cnidaria
Fungi
Platyhelmithes
Algae
Nematoda
Moss
Molluska
Ferns
Anelida
Gymnosperms
Arthrpoda
Angiosperms
Chordata
Complex
Animal Characteristics
Animals can be defined as ___________________________________________________________.
There are two main categories: _____________________ and _____________________.
Things Every Animal Must Do to Survive
It’s good to keep these in mind throughout the animals unit and think about how each animal achieve
each of these items
Feeding
Herbivores eat _____________________________________________________________.
____________________ are organisms that feed on parts of other animals. _____________________
live either inside or attached on the outside of other organisms. Filter feeders
_________________________________________________________________.
_____________________ feed on decaying plants and animals.
Respiration
Living cells need to _________________________________ and
___________________________________. Therefore, animals have to breathe. ___________________
can have these gasses diffuse through their skin but larger animals require
________________________________________ to have gas exchange.
Internal Transport
Small animals may not need specialized transport systems but larger animals need to move nutrients
and waste products in and out of the body. ________________________ is usually something larger
animals have evolved to solve the problem.
Excretion
Small aquatic animals can use ___________________ to get rid of harmful metabolism products. Larger
animals need a specialized _____________________________ to store and dispose of wastes.
Response
With more complex evolution, more competition occurs. Complex animals need to
______________________, _________________________, and ________________________________.
They develop __________________________ to gather information from the environment.
Movement
______________________ animals live their entire lives in one spot. ____________________ animals
move around.
Reproduction
Animals can reproduce sexually and asexually but ___________________________________________.
Some __________________________ and some ___________________. Baby animals can either look
like miniature versions of adults or ______________________ which have to undergo
_______________________________ to change shape dramatically.
Review Questions
1. What is an animal? Why is it important to study animals?
2. List the seven essential functions in animals. Define these in your own words.
3. Compare two different kinds of symmetry found in the animal kingdom.
Trends in Animal Evolution
Levels of Organization
Higher animals become more complex in form. In ___________________ animals, functions are carried
out on the _________________________ level. In more complex animals, we observe more
_______________________________________.
Symmetry
Simpler animals usually have _______________________ while complex animals have
_________________________________. Radial symmetric animal have an imaginary line drawn through
the center of their body and ______________________________ repeat around it. They are usually
sessile.
Bilateral symmetric animals have an imaginary line drawn through the center of the body and one side
of the body is the ______________________________ of the other. This creates animals with front
ends, back ends, upper and lower sides. __________________ is the front end,
______________________ is the back end, ________________________ is the upper side, and
______________________ is the lower side.
Cephalization
Complex animals have a concentration of _____________________________ and
_______________________________ in their anterior end. The gathering of these things is called
cephalization. Nerve cells gather into clusters called _________________. Eventually, they gather in
greater numbers to form ___________________.
Review Questions
1. Describe the three basic trends in animal evolution.
2. Compare two different kinds of symmetry found in the animal kingdom.
3. Why are specialized cells necessary in multicellular animals?