ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
HONORS
MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW – PART 2
CHAPTERS 5 & 6
2015-16
By Mrs. Shaw
CHAPTER 5 TISSUES
CHAPTER 5 LEARNING GOALS
Students will be able to
1.
List the 4 major tissue types and explain where they are found
in the human body. (5.1)
2.
Describe the characteristics of Epithelial tissue. (5.2)
3.
List the types of Connective tissues, the general cellular
components, and the function of each type. (5.3)
4.
Differentiate between the three types of Muscle tissues (5.4)
5.
Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue. (5.5)
6.
Describe the four types of membranes (5.6)
From Cells to Organ Systems
• Cells combine to form tissues, and
tissues combine to form organs
• Cells combine to form four primary
tissues
– Epithelial tissue
– Connective tissue
– Muscle tissue
– Nervous tissue
Four Tissue Types:
Epithelial Tissue
Function: Form protective
coverings and function in secretion,
excretion
and absorption.
Location: Found throughout the body as
skin, covering organs, and
lining body cavities and hollow
organs.
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
1. Found throughout the body
2. Always have a free surface
3. Anchored to underlying
connective tissue by non-living
basement membrane
4. Lack blood vessels (diffusion)
5. Cells readily divide (heal
quickly)
6. Tightly packed – protective
7. Classified by shape and #
layers
Four Tissue Types: Connective Tissue
Function: Bind structures together,
Support, protect, fill spaces, store
fat, produce red blood cells
Location: Found throughout the body
Characteristics: good blood supply,
cells are farther apart with an
extracellular matrix between them.
http://singularityhub.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/08/red-bloodcells.jpg
Four Tissue Types: Muscle Tissue
Function: MOVEMENT
Location: attached to bones,
Characteristics: contract in
response to specific stimuli,
resulting in body movements,
movement of substances through the
body, and the heartbeat.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_guSOnFRs_Ks/T
NvHCnIBuDI/AAAAAAAAAQs/0X6MaLP_d
YE/s1600/cardiac_muscle.jpg
Four Tissue Types: Nervous Tissue
Function: transmits impulses for
coordination, regulation,
integration, and sensory
reception
Location: Found in the brain,
spinal cord, and all peripheral
nerves.
Characteristics:
nervous tissue cells connect to
each other and other body parts.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/nash/21-07xneuron.jpg
EPITHELIAL TISSUES 5.2
Basement membrane: the
underside of epithelial tissue is
anchored to connective tissue by a
thin, nonliving layer called a
basement membrane which is part
of the extracellular matrix.
The epithelial tissue lacks a direct
blood supply so to get the nutrients
it needs to survive it relies on the
connective tissue below. Diffusion
happens across the basement
membrane which separates the two
types of tissue.
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
Epithelial cells are
classified based on
two different
physical
characteristics:
shape and number
of layers.
3 BASIC SHAPES:
Squamous – flat and
scale-like
Cuboidal – shaped
like a cube
www.tvcc.edu
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us
Columnar –
taller than wide
http://www.siumed.edu
Number of layers:
Simple: one layer
thick
http://www.spjc.edu
Stratified: two or more layers
(like the ‘strata’ or layers
of the Earth)
http://internetattitude.com
Function: Filtration, diffusion,
osmosis, covers surface.
Location: Alveoli, walls of
capillaries, lining blood & lymph
vessels, covering membranes that
line body cavities.
Simple
squamous
Simple cuboidal
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: Covers ovaries, lines most
kidney tubules and ducts of salivary
glands, thyroid gland, pancreas and
liver.
Simple columnar
Function: secretion,
absorption, & protection
Location: Ciliated – in
uterine tubes; non-ciliated –
uterus and most organs of the
digestive tract, including the
stomach and small and large
intestines; have goblet cells.
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us
Pseudostratified
columnar
Pseudostratified means that these
cells appear stratified or layered but
they are not.
Function: protection, secretion,
movement of mucus
Location: Commonly have cilia and
goblet cells (cells that secrete mucus);
found in passages of the
respiratory system, where
particles are trapped in mucus
and cilia sweep them up and out!
Function: protection
Location: Keratinized forms the skin;
non-keratinized lines the oral cavity,
esophagus, vagina and anal canal.
http://www.spjc.edu
Stratified
squamous
Keratin is a protein that accumulates on
certain types of tissue as they age. It
causes the tissue to become hard and
more waterproof than they originally
were.
Stratified cuboidal
Function: protection
Location: in larger ducts of
mammary glands, sweat gland
salivary glands, and pancreas.
Stratified
cuboidal
Simple
cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Function: protection,
secretion
Location: Found in the
male urethra and vas
deferens, and in parts
of the pharynx.
http://www.ouhsc.edu
Function: distensability (able to be
stretched), protection
Location: Forms the inner lining
of the urinary bladder, and lines the
ureters and part of the urethra.
http://uebanatomy.net
Transitional
http://microanatomy.net
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Function: secretion
Location: Salivary glands, sweat glands,
endocrine glands.
2 types of glands
endocrine – secrete into tissue
fluid or blood
exocrine – secrete products that
open onto surfaces
HOW ARE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
RELATED TO EPITHELIAL TISSUE?
Remember
that Epithelial
Tissue lacks blood vessels
so the living tissue relies on
the basement membrane
underneath and the
connective tissue below it
to get the nutrients it
needs.
HOW ARE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
DIFFERENT THAN EPITHELIAL
TISSUE?
 Connective
tissues function
to bind, support, protect, fill
spaces, store fat, and
produce blood cells. (on 1st
worksheet)
 They have a good blood
supply, cells are farther
apart, with lots of
extracellular matrix between
them, and some are rigid
(bone and cartilage)
Connective Tissue
• Binds the cells and organs of
the body together
– All connective tissues
consist of two basic
components: cells and
extracellular tissue fibers
• Two types of connective tissue
are:
– Connective tissue proper loose, adipose, and dense
– Specialized connective
tissue – cartilage, bone, and
blood
Cell Types
• Fibroblasts – produce fibers
• Macrophages – WBC’s that
carry on phagocytosis (eating
cellular debris)
Cell Types
• Mast cells – secrete heparin
and histamine. Play a big role in
treating inflammation.
Tissue Fibers
• Collagenous –contain
protein collagen;
provide good tensile
strength (resist pulling
force)
• Elastic – contain
protein elastin; stretch
easily
Tissue Fibers
• Reticular – very thin collagenous fibers; lend delicate support
lymph node tissue
CATEGORIES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective Tissue proper: loose,
adipose, and dense
Specialized connective tissue:
cartilage, blood, and bone,
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue
Function: Binds organs together,
holds tissue fluids
Location: beneath skin, between
muscles, beneath epithelial
tissues
Connective Tissue Proper
Adipose tissue
Function: protects, insulates, stores fats
Location: beneath skin, around kidneys,
behind eyeballs, on surface of heart
Connective Tissue Proper
Dense connective tissue
Function: Binds organs together
Location: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE PROPER
Specialized Connective Tissue
Specialized connective tissues function to help
maintain homeostasis in the body.
3 Types of Specialized Connective tissue:
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
Cartilage - consists of 3 types; hyaline, elastic,
fibrocartilage
• Consists of specialized cells (chondrocytes)
embedded in a matrix of extracellular fibers
and other extracellular material
Specialized Connective Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage connective
tissue
Function: Supports, protects,
provides framework
Location: Nose, ends of bones,
rings in the walls of respiratory
passages.
Cartilage
Specialized Connective Tissue
Elastic Cartilage connective
tissue
Function: Supports, protects,
provides flexible framework
Location: Framework of external
ear and part of larynx.
Specialized Connective Tissue
Fibrocartilage connective tissue
Function: Supports, protects,
absorbs shock
Location: Between bony parts of
spinal column, parts of pelvic
girdle, and knee.
Specialized Connective Tissue
Bone tissue - Consists of bone
cells (osteocytes) and a calcified
cartilage matrix
Function: Supports, protects,
provides framework
Location: Bones of skeleton
• Two types of bone tissue exist:
spongy and compact
Specialized Connective Tissue
Blood tissue - Contains blood
cells, platelets, plasma
Function: Transports
substances, helps maintain stable
environment
Location: Throughout body within
the closed system of heart and
blood vessels.
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

Let’s practice
identifying
them . . .
A.
D.
B.
C,
E.
F.
5.4 MUSCLE TISSUES

The main function of muscle tissue
is to be able to contract in
response to specific stimuli. When
muscle fibers contract they
shorten, pulling on the attached
ends. This process allows for
MOVEMENT.

The human body has 3 different
types of muscle tissue – skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac.
SKELETAL MUSCLE (STRIATED)

The cells of skeletal muscle tissue have
alternating light and dark cross markings,
called striations. Each cell has MANY nuclei.

Function: voluntary movements of skeletal
parts like the head, trunk, and limbs. This
contraction is stimulated by the nervous
system impulse.

Location: Muscles that are attached to
bones.
SMOOTH MUSCLE (NOT STRIATED)

The cells of smooth muscles are
shorter and spindle shaped with a
single nuclei in each cell.

Function: Involuntary movements
of internal organs.

Location: Walls of hollow organs
Muscles that are attached to
bones.
CARDIAC MUSCLE (STRIATED)

Cardiac tissue is ONLY found in the
heart. It’s cells are striated and
branched with a single nuclei in
each cell and connected to other
cells using an intercalated disc.

Function: heart movements

Location: heart muscle
5.5 NERVOUS TISSUE
 The
nervous system tissue is
composed of two basic
types of cells; neurons and
neuroglial cells.
 Function:
sensory reception
and conduction of nerve
impulses (information)
 Location:
brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves
NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS
 Neurons:
sense certain types
of changes in their surroundings
and transmit impulses to other
neurons or to muscles or glands
for a response.

Neuroglial cells: support and
bind the components of
nervous tissue, carry on
phagocytosis, and help supply
nutrients to neurons by
connecting them to blood
vessels.
5.6 TYPES OF MEMBRANES
 Remember
that two or more
types of tissues grouped
together and performing a
specialized function create
an organ.
3
Types of Epithelial
membranes – composed of
the epithelial tissue and it’s
underlying connective tissue
are Serous, Mucous, and
Cutaneous.
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: SEROUS
 Serous:
consists of a layer of
simple squamous epithelium and
a layer of loose connective
tissue.
 Function:
secrete a watery
serous fluid that lubricates
membrane surfaces.
 Location:
Line body cavities that
lack an opening to the outside.
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: MUCOUS
 Mucous:
consists of different
types of epithelial tissue that
contain Goblet cells (secrete
mucus) with loose connective
tissue below.
 Function:
secrete mucus to
lubricate movement of
substances.
 Location:
Line cavities and tubes
that open to the outside.
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: CUTANEOUS
 Cutaneous:
consists of loose
connective and adipose tissue
 Function:
insulates, and contains
major blood vessels to supply the skin
and underlying adipose tissue
 Location:
the skin
beneath the dermal layer of
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
 Synovial:
consists of different
types of connective tissues.
 Function:
secrete synovial fluid to
lubricate joints.
 Location:
Line joints.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
HONORS
CHAPTER 6
SKIN & THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
By Mrs. Shaw
LEARNING GOALS FOR CHAPTER 6
Students will be able to
1.
Describe the structure of the layers of the skin
2.
List the general functions of each layer of skin.
3.
Summarize the factors that influence skin color.
4.
Describe the accessory organs of the integumentary system
5.
Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature.
6.
Describe the events that are part of wound healing.
6.1 SKIN AND IT’S TISSUES

Skin is also known as the Cutaneous membrane.

Skin has 6 basic functions
1.
Provide protection
2.
Regulate body temperature
3.
Retards (holds back) water loss from deeper tissues
4.
Houses sensory receptors
5.
Synthesizes various biochemical
6.
Excretes small amount of wastes
The Integumentary system consists of 2 things:
skin and the accessory organs within it.
SKIN TISSUES
 Skin
has 2 layers
 Epidermis
- outer layer consisting of
stratified squamous epithelium.
 Dermis
– inner layer consisting of
dense irregular connective tissue
with collagenous and elastic fibers,
smooth muscle, nervous tissue, and
blood.
 Body’s first line of defense!
 Largest
organ of the body.
SKIN TISSUES

Below the Dermis is the
Subcutaneous layer which is
not considered a true layer
of skin.

It is composed of adipose
and loose connective tissue
primarily.
EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS
Epidermis
is avascular (no blood
vessels)
Dermis is highly vascular (has blood
vessels)
Epidermis receives nourishment from
dermis
Cells far away from nourishment die
EPIDERMIS

Epidermis is composed of stratified squamous
epithelium that is layered and forms 5 layers.

Stratum Corneum – top layer made of mostly dead
cells with keratin that help waterproof and protect.

Stratum lucidum – thickened only on soles and palms.

Stratum granulosum – contains granules of keratin and
lipids that help produce tough, waterproof cells that
move up to corneum.

Stratum spinosum – above basale, contains
keratinocytes and langerhen cells (help with fighting
infections)

Stratum basale – where cells are nourished and divide
to create new skin cells.

In healthy skin the production of new cells is balanced
with the natural loss of deal cells. (apoptosis)
KERATINIZATION

Keratinization is a process where
older cells fill with strands of a tough
waterproof protein called keratin.
MELANIN

Specialized cells in the epidermis called
melanocytes produce melanin, which is a dark
pigment that provides skin color.

Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight
which help prevent mutations in the DNA of skin
cells and other damaging effects.

Melanocytes are located in the deepest portion
of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis.
DERMAL PAPILLAE

Dermal papillae are the uneven
projections or ridges at the top of the
dermis that extend into the epidermis.

Fingerprints, which are primarily
determined by genetics, form from
these projections.
6.2 ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE SKIN
 Reminder
that the
Integumentary system
includes skin and the
accessory organs within it.
 Examples of accessory organs
in the skin include:
 Glands – oil and sweat
 Hair
 Nails
HAIR FOLLICLES

Hair is present on all skin surfaces except
the palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts
of the external reproductive system.

Hair develops from a group of epidermal
cells at the base of a tube-like
depression called a hair follicle. These
cells move up, become keratinized, and
die.

The follicle extends from the surface into
the dermis and contains the hair root.
HAIR FOLLICLES
 The
arrector pili muscles attached
to each hair follicle contracts in
response to specific stiumuli.
 When
a person is cold, or
emotionally upset, nerve impulses
may stimulate the arrector pili
muscle to contract. The effect of
this contraction is the formation of
goosebumps and hairs standing
upright.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
 Sebaceous
glands also contain
specialized epithelial cells and
are usually associated with hair
follicles.
 They
are holocrine glands that
secrete an oily mixture of fatty
material and cellular debris
called sebum that helps to
lubricate the hair follicle.
SWEAT GLANDS
 Sweat
glands are exocrine
glands which means they
secrete substances that leave
the body.
 They
excrete sweat through
pores.
 Sweat
is made up of urea,
uric acid, salts, and water.
SWEAT GLANDS

Two main types of sweat glands are
eccrine and apocrine glands.

Eccrine glands . . .


respond to body temperature changes

commonly found on forehead, neck, and
back
Apocrine glands . .

Become active at puberty

Secrete the same substances as eccrine
glands but they do it in response to
emotional changes (scared, upset, pain)
6.3 REGULATION OF BODY
TEMPERATURE

Maintaining homeostasis is essential to
survival. The amount of heat lost must be
balanced by the amount of heat
produced in order to maintain equilibrium.

Our skin helps to regulate our body
temperature in many different ways.

Heat is a product of cellular metabolism.
TOO MUCH HEAT IS GAINED (BODY TEMP INCREASE)

When our body temp. increases brain
triggers these responses . . .

Dermal blood vessels dilate to increase
the rate in which heat is lost through the
skin.

Eccrine sweat glands become active
and release sweat onto the skin surface.
As the sweat is evaporated it carries with
it heat from the surface of the skin.
TOO MUCH HEAT IS LOST (BODY TEMP. DROP)

When our body temp drops the brain triggers
these responses . . .

Dermal blood vessels contract to conserve
water loss.

Sweat glands remain inactive

If it drops below a certain level the nervous
system will stimulate the arrector pili
muscles to contract along with skeletal
muscles to cause shivering. This
contraction creates heat.
6.4 HEALING OF WOUNDS

Inflammation is your bodies way of
fighting disease and infection.

Inflammation is the process where
blood vessels dilate and allow more
fluids to enter an area with damaged
tissues.

Inflamed skin will become red,
swollen, and hot. The increase in
nutrients and oxygen to try to repair
the tissue or fight the infection (B cells
and T cells).

Signs of inflammation include redness,
swelling, heat, and pain.
WOUND HEALING IN THE DERMIS . . .
 Injuries
to the Dermis or Subcutaneous
layer will be more extensive and require
more healing interventions.
 Damage
to these layers will include loss of
blood and eventually a clot to the outer
layer of the wound. Fibroblasts will then
migrate to the area to form new
collagenous fibers to bind the edges of the
wound together.
 Phagocytic
cells will also move in to engulf
the dead cells and debris. Granulation will
then occur where small round masses of
tissue including fibroblasts and blood
vessels move it to repair the skin.
LABELING EXCERCISE
Word Bank
region of cell division
Arrector pili
sebaceous gland
hair papilla
Hair root
dermal blood vessels
hair shaft
Hair follicle
basement membrane
eccrine sweat gland
LABELING EXCERCISE

1. __________________________

2. __________________________

3. ___________________________

4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________

6. ___________________________

7. ___________________________

8. ___________________________

9. ____________________________

10. ____________________________
LABELING EXCERCISE

1. _Hair shaft_________________

2. _Arrector pili muscle_________

3. __Hair follicle________________

4. ___region of cell division_______

5. ___Basement membrane____

6. __Sebaceous gland___________

7. __Hair root__________________

8. __Eccrine sweat gland__________

9. ___hair papilla______________

10. _dermal blood vessels_________
MELANOMA

Melanomas develop from the melanocytes
within the deeper layers of the Dermis
including the stratum spinosum and the
stratum basale.

Melanomas can appear in people of any age
and appear to be caused by short,
intermittent exposure to high intensity sunlight.

Melanoma is less likely to be caused by
sustained sun exposure. It happens more
frequently to people who stay indoors most of
the time but get severe sunburns from a few
sun exposure events.
BURNS
 Burns
are categorized by severity as first, second, or third degree.
 First
degree burns are similar to a painful sunburn, causing redness
and swelling to the tissues. Includes damage to epidermis only.
 The
damage is more severe with second degree burns, leading to
blistering and more intense pain. Damage is found in deeper tissues
including dermis and possibly part of subcutaneous layer..
 The
skin turns white and loses sensation with third degree burns. The
entire depth of tissue is affected. Scarring is permanent, and
depending on the extent of the burning, may be fatal.
 Burn
treatment depends upon the location, total burn area, and
intensity of the burn.