Name ______________________________
The Heart: Notes
Function of the Circulatory System
• Transportation system by which ______________________________________________________,
and ____________________________________________________________________________.
•
Also carries substances called ______________________, which control body processes, and
___________________________ to fight invading germs.
Three major parts
– The ____________________
– The ____________________
– The _____________________________
Circulation
• Two parts
•
Heart acts as _________________________________
– Blood from the _________________________ pump is _______________________ and
________________________________ (oxygen-poor)
•
Travels through ____________________________________________ where it gets
fresh oxygen and becomes ___________________________
– Blood ___________________________ through __________________________________
back to the heart's left side pump
•
Pumped out into the ________________
Three Kinds of Circulation:
• Pulmonary circulation
– Movement of blood __________________________________________________________
•
Coronary circulation
– Movement of blood __________________________________________________________
•
Systemic circulation
– _________________________________________________________________ , except for
the heart and lungs
The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
• Systemic circulation
– Blood flows from the ______________ of the heart through the ___________ tissues and
back to the ________________ of the heart
• Pulmonary circulation
– Blood flows from the __________________ of the heart to the _______________ and back
to the ______________________ of the heart
Cardiac Circulation
• Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
• The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of
– ______________________________—branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with
oxygenated blood
– ______________________________—drain the myocardium of blood
– ______________________________—a large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives
blood from cardiac veins
• Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
The Heart
• Location
• Thorax between the lungs in the inferior _____________________
• Orientation
• Pointed apex directed toward left hip
• Base points toward right shoulder
• About the ____________________________
Coverings
• _____________________________—a double-walled sac
– Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
– Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers
• _____________________________
– Next to heart; also known as the epicardium
• _____________________________
– Outside layer that lines the inner surface
of the fibrous pericardium
– Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
Wall
•
Three layers
– ________________________
• Outside layer
• This layer is the visceral pericardium
• Connective tissue layer
– ________________________
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
– ________________________
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
Chambers
• Right and left side act as separate pumps
• Four chambers
– ______________
• Receiving (_______) chambers
– Right atrium
– Left atrium
– _________________
• Discharging (_________) chambers
– Right ventricle
– Left ventricle
Septum
• _____________________ septum
– Separates the two ventricles
• _____________________ septum
– Separates the two atria
Valves
• Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow
• _____________ valves
– Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles
• _______________ (mitral) valve (_______ side of heart)
• _______________ valve (__________ side of heart)
– Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery
• ___________________ semilunar valve
• ___________________ semilunar valve
• AV valves
– Anchored in place by ____________________________ (“heart strings”)
– __________________________________________ and closed during ventricular contraction
• Semilunar valves
– __________________________________________ but open during ventricular contraction
• Notice these valves operate opposite of one another to force a one-way path of blood through the
heart
Heart Sounds
• Heart sounds are _____________________________ as they open and close
• Valves _______________________________ from one chamber to another
• Prevent ____________________
Associated Great Vessels
• Arteries
– _______________
• Leaves left ventricle
– _____________________________
• Leave right ventricle
• Veins
– ____________________________________
• Enter right atrium
– _______________________________ (four)
• Enter left atrium
Blood Flow Through the Heart
• ______________________________________________________ dump blood into the right atrium
• From _______________________, through the _______________________, blood travels to the
right ventricle
• From the ________________________, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the ___________
_________________________________ into the pulmonary trunk
• _________________________ splits into right and left ____________________________________
that carry blood to the lungs
• Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off by blood in the __________________
• Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through the four ________________________________
• Blood enters the ______________________ and travels through the __________________________
into the left ventricle
• From the _______________________, blood leaves the heart via the _________________________
valve and ___________________
How does the heart work?
Heart Beats (Lub Dub)
• _______________________________________
– Group of cells on the ______________________________________ near the entrance of the
superior vena cava
– “___________________” of the heart
• _______________________________________
– Electrically ________________________________________________
– Signals go from the ____________________ through the ____________________________
allowing the ventricles to contract
Heart Attack
• Also called a __________________________
• Caused by _______________________________________________ feeding the heart with oxygenrich blood
“Having a coronary”
Symptoms of a heart attack
• Chest pain, tightness, discomfort (pressure, squeezing, fullness, pain, heartburn/indigestion feeling)
• Shortness of breath (when resting)
• Upper body discomfort (pain/discomfort in one/both arms, back, shoulders, neck, jaw, above belly
button)
• Breaking out in a cold sweat
• Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days (especially if you are a woman)
• Nausea (feeling sick to the stomach) and vomiting
• Light-headedness or sudden dizziness
• Any sudden, new symptom or a change in the pattern of symptoms you already have (for example, if
your symptoms become stronger or last longer than usual)
What to do
• Call 911 immediately
• Chew and swallow a regular-sized ______________________
• Get to the hospital (ambulance or have someone else drive you)
Treatment for a Heart Attack
• ___________________________________
Examination of the coronary arteries to check for blockages (feed a catheter up to the heart through the
femoral artery and inject dye)
• ___________________________________
Performed in conjunction with a cardiac cath
Balloon is inserted through a catheter and inflated to press plaque against the vessel walls
• ___________________________________
Performed if necessary during an angioplasty
Put around a balloon and fed into the coronary artery, balloon is inflated and stent is pushed into the vessel
walls to hold the artery open permanently
• ___________________________________
Piece of a vein from the leg is harvested and sewn onto the blocked blood vessel on either side of the
blockage to
restore blood flow