The Musculoskeletal System
MEDL 2350
Quiz
1.
xanthoerythemoectooculoscopy
2.
Salpingophthalmosclerodermatitioscope
3.
Blepharopepicosclerotomy
4.
Gluconeothymomotomically
5.
Pancreatectomicaoloma
6.
Only kidding, ha, ha!
So, you want
extra credit,
huh!
MEDL 2350 Extra Credit
TEST on May 5, 2003
First half of class
Topics: EVERYTHING
Format: Oral
Counts: Test Grade
General
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Comprised of bones, joints, and muscles.
Bones form a support system to provide
structure and protection.
Bones store minerals, especially calcium and
phosphorus.
Bones also make blood cells in the marrow.
The place where two bones meet is known as a
joint.
Joints move due to the pull of muscles.
Combining Forms
Crani/o
cranium (skull bones)
craniotomy
Stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
sternocostal
Cost/o
ribs
subcostal (below the ribs)
Spondyl/o
Vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
spondylitis
vertebral
Humer/o
humerus (upper arm)
Carp/o
carpus (wrist)
the wrist)
carpoptosis (dropping of
Metacarp/o
Phalang/o
Pelv/i
hips)
metacarpus (hand)
metacarpectomy
excision of a metacarpal
finger/toe
pelvis (hip)
*note the exception to the combining
vowel.
pelvimetry (process of measuring the
Femor/o
femur (thigh)
Patell/o
patella (kneecap)
patellopexy (fixation)
Tibi/o
Fibul/o
Calcane/o
Tars/o
metatars/o
tibia (shin)
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
calcaneus (heel)
tarsals
metatarsals
Ankyl/o
stiff, bent, crooked
Arthr/o
joint
cervic/o
neck
Lamin/o
lamina (part of the verterbral arch)
Myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
Orth/o
straight
Oste/o
bone
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The combining form oste/o refers to a bone.
Therefore, osteodynia refers to painful
bones.
bones
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Osteocytes are cells that make up
The combining form still holds true regardless of
the shape of the bone in question.
Shapes of Bones
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Long (cylindrical)
Flat
Irregular
short
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Milk is source of vitamin D. A deficiency
of this vitamin results in Osteomalacia, or
a softening and weakening of the bones.
This is different than Osteoporosis, which
is a deficiency of bone mineral.
The term osteogenesis refers to producing
or forming new bone.
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Another name for osteomalacia is
RICKETS.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
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Shaft: Diaphysis
Epiphysis: either end, the growing part in
length.
Bone Marrow: soft tissue that fills the medullary
cavity in the center of a long bone. This is
where blood is formed and fat is stored.
Periosteum: thin sheet of tissue covering the
bone. This part of the bone is responsible for
growth in the diameter.
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X-rays or radiographs are used in
examining the structure of bones, in situ
(within the body).
The combining form for x-ray or radiation
is radi/o.
The combining forms roentgen/o also
refers to x-rays. This is after the person
who discovered x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen.
mening/o/myel/o/cele
herniation
Meningescovering of
the brain and
spinal cord
Spinal
cord
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Spina bifida usually occurs in the lumbar
region (lower back) of the spinal cord.
Bifida refers to being in “2”.
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Recall,
Distal: means farthest from the trunk
Proximal: means closest to the trunk
Therefore, the distal epiphysis is located
farther from the trunk than the proximal
epiphysis.
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Within the joints, each end of the joint
(epiphysis) is lined with ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.
Articular means joint
Chondr/o refers to cartilage.
This articular cartilage provides cushioning,
shock absorption, an area for the bones to glide
easily over each other during movement.
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A joint is a place where two bones meet.
Joints can be:
Freely Moveable (shoulder)
Slightly Moveable (vertebra)
Non-moveable (skull)
Joints are lubricated with SYNOVIAL
FLUID. This fluid is secreted within the
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
arthr/o/centesis
joint
Surgical
puncture
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A person with arthritis can suffer from:
Pain in the joints -
arthralgia or
arthrodynia
Inflammation of the joints arthritis
Disease of the bones and joints –
osteoarthopathy
Combining Forms of Specific Bones
Crani/o
cranium
skull
Stern/o
sternum
breastbone
cost/o
costal
ribs
Vertebr/o
veterbrae
Humer/o
humerus
carp/o
carpus
Metacarp/o
metacarpal
Phalang/o
phalanges
Pelv/i
Pelv/o
pelvis
hips
Femor/o
femur
thigh
patell/o
patella
kneecap
Tibi/o
tibia
fibul/o
fibula
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Cephal/o is the combining form for the direction
“close to the head”
Cephalodynia is pain in the head, or headache.
The prefix en- refers to “in”. When combined
with cephal/o, when get
encephal/o which translates into “in the head”.
This the another term for brain.
Fractures
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A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone.
They are defined according to the type and
extent of the break.
A SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture is a broken bone
with no external wound. The skin is intact.
A COMPLEX or OPEN fracture is one with an
open wound. The skin is broken.
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A GREENSTICK fracture is a bone that has
been bent and partially broken. This is
more common in children than adults.
A COMMINUTED fracture is one that is in
many pieces.
The Vertebral Column
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The vertebral column is made of many bones
called vertebra.
The vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:
Cervical
7 bones
cervic/o
Thoracic
12 bones
thorac/o
Lumbar
5 bones
lumb/o
Sacral
5 fused bones sacr/o
Coccyx
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Vertebrae are separated and cushioned
from each other by INTERVERTEBRAL
DISKS.
These disks are made of cartilage.
The first cervical vertebrae is called the
ATLAS. The axis holds up the head.
The second cervical vertebrae is called the
AXIS.
Muscular System
Chondr/o
cartilage
Lumb/o
lower back
My/o
muscle
ten/o
Tend/o
Tendin/o
tendon