CLINTON-OBAMA
CIVIL RIGHTS
BILL CLINTON, 1993-2001
DOMESTIC POLICY
*Cut Federal spending, raised taxes on wealthy
*Proposed health care reform; failed to pass
*CONTRACT WITH AMERICA—Newt Gingrich proposes
smaller government/ more responsible to people
*Computer industry success helps with economic prosperity
*IMPEACHMENT (Monica Lewinsky trial; denial of relationship)
FOREIGN POLICY
*NAFTA—Trade agreement between U.S., Canada, Mexico:
lowered tariffs
*War in KOSOVO; U.S. forces sent in as part of NATO
coalition to stop “ethnic cleansing”
*Helped China join the World Trade Organization (WTO), but
failed to end human rights abuses
THE AMERICAN DREAM—FOLLOWING TOQUEVILLE’S IDEAS OF INCREASED FREEDOM
AND OPPORTUNITY IN AMERICA…
BILL GATES—FOUNDER OF MICROSOFT.
AMONG FIRST TO RECOGNIZED POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL
COMPUTER. TODAY MICROSOFT’S SOFTWARE IS A PART OF NEARLY EVERY PERSONAL
COMPUTER IN THE WORLD
SAM WALTON—STARTED HIS OWN FIVE-AND-DIME STORE IN ARKANSAS IN 1962.
HE CREATED
A CHAIN OF STORES OFFERING A LARGE VARIETY OF PRODUCTS AT LOW PRICES. WALMART
AND SAM’S CLUB HAVE GROWN TO BECOME THE WORLD’S LARGEST RETAILER.
ESTEE LAUDER—A JEWISH NEW YORKER, SHE FOUNDED A COSMETICS COMPANY
WITH HER
HUSBAND, PIONEERING THE “GIVEAWAY PROMOTION.” MUCH OF HER EARLY SUCCESS WAS
“WORD OF MOUTH” ADVERTISING, THEN SHE CHANGED TO BEAUTIFUL MODELS.
ROBERT JOHNSON—FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN BILLIONARE FOUNDED BLACK ENTERTAINMENT
TELEVISION. THIS BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN MANAGED COMPANY ON THE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. HE SOLD IT FOR $1.5 BILLION IN 1998 AND IN 2003 BECAME
THE OWNER OF THE CHARLOTTE BOBCATS (NBA)
LIONEL SOSA—IDENTIFIED THE POTENTIAL IN THE HISPANIC MARKET
AS A TARGET FOR
ADVERTISING AND POLITICS. HE FOUNDED THE LARGEST HISPANIC ADVERTISING AGENCY
THE U.S.. HE MOTIVATED HISPANICS TO “COMPETE AND WIN.” HE HAS ALSO ADVISED
SEVERAL REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS AS A POLITICAL ADVISOR.
GEORGE W. BUSH, 2001-2009
ELECTION OF 2000 Florida vote so close, recount required by law
Supreme Court decision in Gore v. Bush gives Florida election to
Bush which makes him winner of the election
TERRORIST ATTACK 9/11/2001 (World Trade Center; Pentagon)
*Bush declared GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR
*Created DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
*Sponsored the USA PATRIOT ACT
WAR IN IRAQ: Coalition forces invade Iraq to find weapons of mass
destruction
*Saddam Hussein removed from power
FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008
*Housing market crashed, setting off sharp decline
BARACK OBAMA, 2009OBAMA WINS ELECTION Beat John McCain (Republican)
*First African-American elected President
*Gained endorsement of Oprah Winfrey (millionaire talk show
host/media figure)
*Promised great change
*AMERICAN RECOVERY AND INVESTMENT ACT
passed to stimulate economy
AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE ACT (OBAMACARE)
SONIA SOTOMAYOR
First Hispanic (3rd woman) appointed to Supreme Court
CIVIL RIGHTS
PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)
*Allowed “separate but equal” facilities
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)
*Ended segregation in public schools
*Separate facilities are inherently unequal
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
*Montgomery bus boycott (1955)—Rosa Parks refuses to move
*Integration of Little Rock High School (1957)
troops sent in to protect 9 students
*Civil Rights Act (1957)—to increase African-American voting
*Civil Rights Act (1964)
*Sit-ins and Freedom Rides (1960s)
*Voting Rights Act (1965)
*Affirmative Action (1965)
DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.
MAJOR BELIEFS/TEACHINGS
*Nonviolent, civil disobedience
*Modeled actions after Thoreau and Gandhi
MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (1955)
*started with Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat
*Ended segregated buses in Montgomery
“LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL”
*King explained why African Americans could no long wait
for equality
MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)
*Delivered his “I Have A Dream” Speech
*Helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964
OTHER IMPORTANT PEOPLE/GROUPS TO KNOW
THURGOOD MARSHALL
*NAACP ATTORNEY
*First African American on the Supreme Court
ROSA PARKS: Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
SOUTHERN GOVERNORS WHO RESISTED INTEGRATION:
*George Wallace (Alabama)—stood in door to University
*Orval Faubus (Arkansas)—ordered National Guard to prevent
integration in Little Rock
*Lester Maddox (Georgia)—former restaurant owner
BLACK POWER MOVEMENT:
*Malcolm X
*BLACK PANTEHERS (more militant)
BATTLE IN THE COURTS
MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER (1947)
*No segregating Mexican-American children without a
specific state law
*(California) also extended to Chinese and Japanese
DELGADO v. BASTROP ISD (1948)
*Segregation of Mexican American children illegal in Texas
SWEAT v. PAINTER (1950)
*UT law school could not have a segregated “separate but
equal” law school
HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS (1954)
*Convicted of murder by all white jury
*Fourteenth Amendment violation
*Race cannot be excluded from juries
EDGEWOOD ISD v. KIRBY (1984)
*State must revise school funding system
CIVIL RIGHTS EXTENDED…
CHICANO MOVEMENT (Mexican Americans)
*Sought to correct past discrimination and racism
* Mural movement brings attention and pride
*Leaders:
Hector Garcia (challenged discrimination; GI Forum)
Cesar Chavez (organized farm workers using nonviolent methods)
Delores Huerta (farm workers, women’s rights,
environoment—Medal of Freedom winner)
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)
*”Red Power”: Raise respect for Native Americans
* Occupation of Alcatraz/Wounded Knee
*Bring attention to plight of their people
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
CHALLENGED TRADITIONAL ROLES OF WOMEN
BETTY FRIEDAN
* Wrote The Feminine Mystique (not all housewives happy)
*Helped form Nation Organization of Women (NOW)
TITLE IX
*Promoted gender equality in high school and college education
*Guaranteed girls in school the same opportunities as boys (for
example in sports)
EQUAL PAY ACT
*Requires companies to pay women the same wages as men for
the same work.