SUBJECT
- SURVEYING PRACTICAL – I
SUB.CODE - CE6311
Handle by,
Dr.M. KANNAN
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engg,
PITS.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
 All the students are instructed wear protective uniform
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and shoes before entering in to the lab.
Before starting the exercise students should have a
clear idea about the principles of that experiment.
All students are advised to come with completed record
and the observation of previous experiments, defaulters
will not be allowed to do their experiments.
Don’t operate any instrument without getting concern
staff members prior permission.
All instruments are costly. hence handle them carefully,
to avoid fine for any breakage.
Utmost care must be taken to avert any possible injury
while on lab work. Incase anything occur immediately
report to the staff members.
OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the course the student will posses
knowledge about Survey field techniques
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
• 1. Study of chains and its accessories
• 2. Aligning, Ranging and Chaining
• 3. Chain Traversing
• 4. Compass Traversing
• 5. Plane table surveying: Radiation
CONT….
• 6. Plane table surveying: Intersection
• 7. Plane table surveying: Traversing
• 8. Plane table surveying: Resection – Three point
problem
• 9. Plane table surveying: Resection – Two point problem
CONT….
• 10. Study of levels and leveling staff
• 11. Fly leveling using Dumpy level
• 12. Fly leveling using tilting level
• 13. Check leveling
• 14. LS and CS
• 15. Contouring
• 16. Study of theodolite
INSTRUMENTS IN CHAIN SURVEYING
Chain
Cross staff
Plumb bob
Ranging rod
Arrows
COMPASS SURVEY
Utility of Compass in Survey :
• Very useful for mountain, forestry,
geological and other types of survey
works.
• The permanently mounted circular
spirit level ensures easy and fast
leveling.
• Ensures greater degree of accuracy.
INSTRUMENTS USED
Dumpy Level with Tripod
Cross Staff
Dumpy Level
Position to stand with
Level staff
THEODOLITE
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
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1. Total Station
2. Theodolites
3. Dumpy level
4. Plain table
5. Pocket stereoscope
6. Ranging rods
7. Levelling staff
8. Cross staff
9. Chains
10. Tapes
11. Arrows
URL’S:
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www.surveyhistory.org
wwwww.indiastudychannel.com
w.compasssurveying.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table
www.whycos.org/fck_editor/.../Levelling_and_surveyin
g.pdf
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite
• academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/.../core/.../elevatio
n.html
• www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm
REFERENCES
1. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, Surveying, Theory and
Practice, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
2. Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman 2004.
3. Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice‟ Hall of
India, 2004.
4. Arora K.R., Surveying Vol I & II, Standard Book house , 10th Edition
2008
Measuring Distance
• The historical method for
measuring distance is the
surveying chain.
– One of the first chains used
in the U.S. was the Gunter’s
chain.
– The Gunter’s chain was a
series of links attached to a
handle which included an
adjustment for wear.
– The chain was 22 yards (66
ft) long.
• Modern chains are metal strips 100 feet long.
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Modern Chains
 Modern surveying chains are three standard types.
 Fully graduated
 First foot (cut chain)
 Extended foot (add chain)
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Reading Surveying Steel Chain
• The first step in reading a surveying chain is to
determine the units that are used.
• Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having
numbers from 0 to 100 indicates that each number is
one foot of distance.
• Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore
each line represents 1/10 or 1/10 of a foot.
• The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.
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Reading A Cut Chain
• The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the
whole foot reading at the head of the chain must be reduced
“cut” by the partial foot.
• In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin
is on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.
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Reading An Add Chain
• The extended foot (add) chain gets its name because an
additional foot is added to each end of the chain.
• The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the
chain.
• In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at
0.7 feet. The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.
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Steel chain on holder
To rewind chain on holder:
1. Hold holder vertical in the
left hand.
2. Attach 100 foot end of the
tape with the numbers up.
3. Wind tape up rotating the
handle clockwise.
4. Remember to wipe tape with
a dry cloth as it is wound
onto the handle.
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Odometer Wheel
Odometer wheels
use different units on
the odometers.
Insure you know the
measuring units
before you start to use
the wheel.
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Optical range finder
One of two main types of
range finders.
The second type uses lasers.
These are more popular
today.
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Laser Tape
The most popular type of range finder.
Many different models.
Many different features.
Many different prices. (Precision)
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Principles of Laser Measuring
Laser light and other signals travel
at the speed of light.
If you know speed and time, you
can calculate distance.
Multiple signals are used to
determine partial cycles.
Velocity =
Distance
Time
Distance = Velocity x Time

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Hand level
This is the simplest type of
hand level. It is useful for
estimating slope & elevation
changes.
This instrument is called
the Abney level. It can be
used to measure slope,
vertical angles and stadia
distances.
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Stadia
Distance
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Measuring distance by stadia requires the
ability to read a surveying rod.
The Philadelphia style rod measures to
1/100 (0.01) feet.
Red numbers are whole feet.
Black numbers are 1/10’s of a foot.
Bars are 1/100’s of a foot.
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Rod with
Target
The use of a target
improves the accuracy of
the readings and increases
the readable distance
between the rod and the
instrument.
A rod with target can be used four ways.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Direct read
Indirect read
High rod
Extended rod
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Distance by stadia
Top Stadia Cross hair
Elevation Cross hair
Bottom Stadia Cross hair
Distance = (TSR - BSR) x SF
What is the stadia distance for the
illustration?
47 ft
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Dumpy (Wye) Level
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Leveling a four (4) legged
instrument
Left thumb rule
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Automatic Level
Automatic levels get their name because one of the internal lenses
is mounted on a pendulum.
All the operator must do is get it close to level.
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Laser Level
The primary options for survey
quality laser levels are:
Visible or non-visible
Rotating or non-rotating
The one we use is non-visible, non-rotating.
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Transit
Transits are the most
versatile instrument.
They are also the most
complicated.
Most have been
supplanted by total
stations.
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Vernier scale
Main scale reading
Line of coincident
Vernier scale
Mechanical instruments use Vernier scales to improve the precision of
the instrument.
The Vernier scale divides the last unit on the main scale into another
set of fractional parts.
The main scale is read at the zero (0) on the Vernier scale.
The Vernier scale is read at the line of coincident.
What is the reading for this Vernier scale?
26.5o
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Double Vernier Scale
The double Vernier uses the same steps.
When reading a double Vernier you must determine which side of the
Vernier should be read.
This is determined by the direction of rotation of the instrument.
[Note: the Vernier scale rotates]
Clockwise rotation (right turned) = Left side
Counter clockwise rotation (Left turned) = Right side
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Rocking the rod
Rocking the rod should be used when a rod level is not available.
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Additional Equipment
Plumb
Bob
Surveyors
nail
Range
pole
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ALL THE BEST
Thank u