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Wording the
Speech
Understanding Language
Variations in Language
Using Language Effectively
Deploying Style Effectively
Understanding Bias in Language
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Language
Understanding Language
• The Importance of Language
• Ways of Thinking About Language
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Language
The Importance of Language
• Carefully select each word to include in your speech. At the same time, consider
the words that don't make the cut: what are you not saying in your speech?
• How you communicate your words, through phrasing, voice, gesture, and
mannerism, is equally important as the words themselves.
• Consider what you want your audience to do, think, or feel at the conclusion of
your speech. Use this to guide how you word and deliver your speech.
Why does language matter in your speech?
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Language
Ways of Thinking About Language
• Make sure that every word in your speech has a purpose for being in your
speech. Don't waste any words and commit to writing multiple drafts to refine and
hone your speech.
• Always think about your audience and venue: who are they and why are they
there? Considering these factors will help inform what language is best to use in
your speech.
• What are the overall goals, objectives or purpose you have for speaking? Think
about this so that you can work backwards to select the right language to achieve
those goals, objectives or purpose.
Ways of Thinking About Language in Your
Speech
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Language
• Variations in Directness
• Variations in Abstraction
• Variations in Objectivity
• Variations in Orality
• Variations in Accuracy
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Directness
• Force and directness are both cause and effect. They are not solely the use of
loudness, strong words, or emphatic gestures, but may cause them.
• Use directness and force when you have particularly emphatic points to make.
• Be authentic and genuine. Use ideas, your feelings on your subject, wording, and
delivery to convey force, directness, and conviction.
• Avoid being pushy, overbearing, or intimidating.
Directness
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Abstraction
• Abstract descriptions are vague and not specific.
• Abstraction is a good technique to use if your audience already has a working
knowledge of any part of your speech. You can save time and keep your
audience engaged by not boring them with material or levels of understanding
they already have.
• If you are too abstract, you may confuse your audience.
• To test if your speech is too abstract or over-described, have another person read
your speech draft and summarize your main points back to you.
Ladder of Abstraction
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Objectivity
• Objectivity is the ability to remove your personal experience, bias or preference
from your speech.
• Objectivity gives you credibility as an impartial, unbiased speaker and subject
matter expert.
• That said, delivering a speech with 100% objectivity can feel robotic. Sprinkle
some subjective moments such as personal anecdotes or how you connect to
your topic to still remain relatable to your audience.
Public Speaking
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Orality
• Oral societies use narrative and repetition for ease of memory.
• Oral societies use directness and force to express emphasis.
• Oral expression brings words together in pithy phrases that are the product of
generations of evolution.
• Gestures should be natural and not distracting.
• If you're able to answer questions following your speech, always repeat the
question before answering so everyone can hear what was asked. If you don't
know an answer, do not lie or make one up; share what relavant information you
An Oral Community in Cambodia
can.
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• Always have a backup plan when using audio/visual technology for amplification
of your voice or visual aids in case this equipment fails.
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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language
Variations in Accuracy
• Use scholarly sources such as journal articles, reviews, biographies, and
interviews to ensure accuracy and credibility.
• You can find scholarly sources collected in several online databases.
• Always cite your sources when and how you can so that you're never accused of
lifting, stealing, or borrowing someone else's words or work.
The importance of accuracy
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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively
Using Language Effectively
• Choosing Clear Words and Phrasing
• Choosing Vivid Words
• Choosing Appropriate Words
• Matching Personal Style
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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively
Choosing Clear Words and Phrasing
• How well do you know your topic? Make sure you fully understand everything that
goes into your topic as you begin to craft the specific wording of your speech.
• Start by delimiting the question, that is, fully parsing out exactly what question
you're answering by giving your speech. Even if you don't think there is a specific
question, your speech topic exists for some purpose. What purpose does your
speech fulfill?
• From there, define your key terms of your speech.
Choosing Clear Words
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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively
Choosing Vivid Words
• Descriptive language in your speech builds interest and allows you to immerse
your audience in a sensory experience.
• Use simile and metaphor as a way to add descriptive language and wording into
your speech. Make your points more compelling by painting pictures with words in
the minds of your audience members.
• Tell your audience exactly how you want them to digest the information in your
speech by using a variety of process words.
William Shakespeare
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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively
Choosing Appropriate Words
• Section your speech into parts arranged in a logical order, with each section
having a specific focus or purpose.
• Transition between sections with phrases and words that connect your ideas.
• Avoid weasel phrases in order to keep your speech credible and authoritative.
Valedictorian's Speech
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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively
Matching Personal Style
• Your voice is ultimately a reflection of who you are as a person and influences
how your audience both perceives and receives you as speaker. Adapt your voice
to your audience's needs, goals, and expectations.
• Consider your role in relation to the audience. Why are you there to speak to
them? What makes you the subject matter expert?
• Don't forget to think about the formality and venue of your speech, as well as any
relevant cultural contexts that may come into play.
• Your attitude speaks volumes to your audience. Make sure your attitude is
appropriate to all the factors of your speech: topic, audience, and venue. Be
Personal Style in Your Speech
aware that subconscious non-verbal cues can betray how you really feel.
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• Don't be afraid to get creative and let your speech reflect your unique personality.
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Deploying Style Effectively
• Alliteration
• Antithesis
• Hyperbole
• Onomatopoeia
• Personification
• Repetition and Parallelism
• Simile and Metaphor
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Alliteration
• Phrases like "busy as a bee," "drop dead gorgeous," "friends and family" are all
examples of alliteration.
• Alliteration adds a textural complexity to your speech that makes your words more
engaging.
• Take a creative writing or poetic mindset to approach adding alliteration to your
speech.
Alliteration
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Antithesis
• Contrast helps fully illustrate a concept by giving your audience a 360 degree
understanding of your idea, claim, or argument.
• Giving your audience a contrast of the thesis with an opposite point of view aims
them in the direction of understanding the concept; you can then use your speech
to more fully flesh out that idea.
• If you're having a hard time figuring out how to use antithesis in your speech,
consider the opposing viewpoint of your main argument. From there, consider all
the points of contrast that could be made from your main antithetical point.
Antithesis
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Hyperbole
• When hearing a hyperbole, ask yourself: is this claim really true?
• While you want to avoid generalizations in your speech as much as possible,
there are advantages to using hyperbole since it can be used as an effective
persuasive device.
• Don't rely on hyperbole alone to substantiate your claims; instead, use it as a
strategic stylistic choice to enliven your words and infuse them with persuasive
meaning.
Hyberbole
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Onomatopoeia
• Words like "meow," "boom," "bleep" and "boing" each represent the sound they
make. These are each examples of onomatopoeia.
• Onomatopoeia, because of its jarring nature, often acts as a great way to
emphasize something.
• Consider using onomatopoeia strategically and sparingly to make a bold or
memorable statement.
Onomatopoeia
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Personification
• Personification adds a colorful way to describe complex ideas to your audience.
• When using prosopopoeia, your audience will project their reaction on that which
you're trying to be and not on you as the speaker.
• Speaking as another person or idea is helpful to deflect negative response to the
words you're saying, but because you're saying them as someone else, the
audience is less likely to blame you for your words.
Personification
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Repetition and Parallelism
• Repetition should be used sparingly and strategically. Pick your most influential
statement and weave its repetition throughout your speech.
• Use parallelism to use similar constructs to approach the same sentence. Add
balance and break up repetition by adding parallelism to further emphasize your
ideas.
• You may decide to use repetition and parallelism to drive home the most
important takeaway messages from your speech.
Repetition and Parallelism
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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively
Simile and Metaphor
• Similes and metaphors are composed of two parts: a tenor and a vehicle. A tenor
is the subject that is being compared or described; the vehicle is the comparison
used to describe the subject.
• Both similes and metaphors use tenors and vehicles, the only difference being
that similes connect the two with the words "like" or "as" while a metaphor simply
states a tenor is a vehicle.
• Similes and metaphors are wonderful ways to bring your creativity and style to
your speech.
Metaphor
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Bias in Language
Understanding Bias in Language
• Gender Bias
• Culture Bias
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Bias in Language
Gender Bias
• Gender is the social construction and definition of what it means to be man,
woman, masculine or feminine.
• Gender expression and expectations of how gender should be expressed vary by
culture.
• Men and women have different expectations and perceptions of each other and
thus will receive speakers of opposing genders differently. Additionally, gender
bias still exists - for both speaker and audience - when speakers who may share
the same gender as their audience.
Gender Bias in Public Speaking
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Wording the Speech > Understanding Bias in Language
Culture Bias
• Cultural bias exists when you try to navigate the experiences of others through
the framework of your personal compass of cultural experience.
• Both you and your audience bring cultural bias to your speech: how you perceive
and communicate with them and how they perceive and receive your words.
• Cultural bias can impact mannerism, speech, and gesture as well as the rhetorical
compenents of your speech.
• Try to avoid cultural bias if you can and if you can't, at least acknowledge it. Read
your speech from a distanced perspective while considering the cultural context
both you and your audience bring to the speech and how it will be received. This
We all have cultural biases.
will only make your argument more robust.
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Appendix
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Wording the Speech
Key terms
• abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse.
• Accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.
• alliteration The repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short
intervals.
• antithesis A device by which two contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in parallel form.
• baseline A datum used as the basis for calculation or for comparison.
• bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.
• bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection.
• delimit To mark or fix the limits of.
• direct Straight, constant, without interruption.
• dissect To analyze an idea in detail by separating it into its parts.
• gender The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female," with each having
associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.
• hyperbole Extreme exaggeration or overstatement; especially as a literary or rhetorical device.
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Wording the Speech
• inflection A change in pitch or tone of voice.
• Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide
range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious,
social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and
perceive the world around them.
• language A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often
with a writing system.
• meaning The objects or concept that a word or phrase denotes, or that which a sentence says.
• metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn't, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase
used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile.
• metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn't, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase
used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile.
• monotony Tedium as a result of repetition or a lack of variety.
• Objective not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence.
• objectivity The state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices
• onomatopoeia A word that sounds like what it represents, such as "gurgle" or "hiss".
• orality The quality of being spoken or verbally communicated
• pandering The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of a group to which one is attempting to appeal. The
term is most notably associated with politics. In pandering, the views one is verbally expressing are merely for the purpose of
drawing support and votes and do not necessarily reflect one's personal values.
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Wording the Speech
• Parallelism the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic constructions, especially those expressing the
same sentiment with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect.
• personification A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or an abstraction is given human qualities.
• primary orality Primary orality' refers to thought and its verbal expression within cultures "totally untouched by any knowledge of
writing or print."
• prosopopoeia A prosopopoeia (Greek: π) is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by
speaking as another person or object.
• repetition the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated.
• simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.
• simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.
• subjective formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more
from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.
• venue A place, especially the one where a given event is to happen.
• weasel phrases Phrases that often precede statements and that lack substantive quality.
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Wording the Speech
Repetition and Parallelism
The repetition and parallelism of ideas and concepts can really emphasize the point of a speech to an audience, while establishing balance in the
argument as well.
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Wording the Speech
Public Speaking
Strive for a balance between subjectivity and objectivity in your speech.
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Wording the Speech
Choosing Clear Words
It's important to convey your message in the clearest ways possible to your audience.
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Wording the Speech
Hyberbole
Hyperbole is a form of exaggeration. Do you really think these are THE most touching records EVER made?
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Wording the Speech
Ladder of Abstraction
A good speaker will be able to manoeuvre along the ladder of abstraction.
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Wording the Speech
Personal Style in Your Speech
Ultimately, your speech is a reflection of who you are. Make sure your character comes through.
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Wording the Speech
What's your personal style?
Don't be afraid to let your personal style come through in your speech. Steve Jobs does it well here with his signature black turtleneck.
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Wording the Speech
Valedictorian's Speech
When choosing the appropriate words for your speech, it helps to fully understand the context of your speech, including the audience and venue.
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Wording the Speech
Metaphor
Using descriptive language adds variety and creativity to your speech.
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Wording the Speech
Gender Bias in Public Speaking
The late Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, faced both gender and cultural bias in her two brief terms as a world leader.
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Wording the Speech
An Oral Community in Cambodia
An oral community in Takéo, Cambodia confronts writing. Modern scholarship has shown that orality is a complex and tenacious social phenomenon.
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Wording the Speech
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates a sound.
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Wording the Speech
Antithesis
Anthesis is a way of presenting contrast. Black is the antithesis of white and vice-versa.
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Wording the Speech
The importance of accuracy
Accuracy is vital to the success of your speech; make sure your facts are correct.
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Wording the Speech
Alliteration
The game of Tic Tac Toe is a perfect example of alliteration, where each word of the game's name begins with the letter T.
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Wording the Speech
Personification
Anthropomorphism is a form of personification by associating human qualities and characteristics with non-human animals. Case in point? Donald Duck.
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Wording the Speech
Directness
Knowing when and how to use directness in your speech can bolster the lasting impact of your message.
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Wording the Speech
Ways of Thinking About Language in Your Speech
Ask yourself: what's the lasting impression you'd like to leave with your audience? What are the goals and objectives of your speech?
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Wording the Speech
Why does language matter in your speech?
The words you choose and how you deliver those words are the two halves of getting your message across in your speech.
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Wording the Speech
We all have cultural biases.
To be effective speakers, we must recognize, acknowledge, and move beyond cultural biases.
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Wording the Speech
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, when lacking in vivid words, simply created his own. Shakespeare invented over 1700 words and phrases in his body of works.
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Wording the Speech
The words you choose to say in your speech is the most
important element of your speech preparation. This statement is
A) false. As long as you get your point across, the words aren't very
important.
B) false. It is important not only to consider the words you say, but how
you say them.
C) true. With a carefully worded speech, you have the highest likelihood
of reaching your audience.
D) true. The only way to assure that your audience agrees with your
argument is to use clear language
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Wording the Speech
The words you choose to say in your speech is the most
important element of your speech preparation. This statement is
A) false. As long as you get your point across, the words aren't very
important.
B) false. It is important not only to consider the words you say, but how
you say them.
C) true. With a carefully worded speech, you have the highest likelihood
of reaching your audience.
D) true. The only way to assure that your audience agrees with your
argument is to use clear language
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a factor to consider when crafting your
speech?
A) Be concise in your word choice and make sure every word has a
purpose.
B) All of these answers.
C) Consider the context of your speech: audience and venue.
D) Think about your overall goals and the purpose of your speech.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a factor to consider when crafting your
speech?
A) Be concise in your word choice and make sure every word has a
purpose.
B) All of these answers.
C) Consider the context of your speech: audience and venue.
D) Think about your overall goals and the purpose of your speech.
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Wording the Speech
Force and directness should be used in your speech when
A) When you feel that your speech needs more gestures to emphasize
your point.
B) you have an emphatic point to make and you feel strong, genuine
emotion.
C) When you want to intimidate your audience into agreeing with your
argument.
D) When you have been speaking quietly and it seems like you should
raise your voice to make a point.
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Wording the Speech
Force and directness should be used in your speech when
A) When you feel that your speech needs more gestures to emphasize
your point.
B) you have an emphatic point to make and you feel strong, genuine
emotion.
C) When you want to intimidate your audience into agreeing with your
argument.
D) When you have been speaking quietly and it seems like you should
raise your voice to make a point.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is an example of a good use of abstraction
in a speech?
A) If you want to make sure that your audience fully understands complex
concepts in your speech.
B) If you are speaking about a specific occurrence or want to refer to
concrete examples.
C) All of these answers.
D) If your audience has a working knowledge of your topic, use
abstraction to save time.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is an example of a good use of abstraction
in a speech?
A) If you want to make sure that your audience fully understands complex
concepts in your speech.
B) If you are speaking about a specific occurrence or want to refer to
concrete examples.
C) All of these answers.
D) If your audience has a working knowledge of your topic, use
abstraction to save time.
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Wording the Speech
Objectivity is
A) the ability to remove your personal bias from your speech.
B) All of these answers.
C) a good way to gain credibility as an impartial speaker.
D) a reason a speech may appear robotic if it is not balanced with
moments of subjectivity.
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Wording the Speech
Objectivity is
A) the ability to remove your personal bias from your speech.
B) All of these answers.
C) a good way to gain credibility as an impartial speaker.
D) a reason a speech may appear robotic if it is not balanced with
moments of subjectivity.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a quality of a literate society?
A) Pithy phrases such as "the sturdy oak tree" are frequently used.
B) They use complex grammar to communicate ideas.
C) Formulaic styling is used to package complex ideas memorably for
easy retention and recall.
D) There is incentive to ensure that changes cleave to traditional
formulas.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a quality of a literate society?
A) Pithy phrases such as "the sturdy oak tree" are frequently used.
B) They use complex grammar to communicate ideas.
C) Formulaic styling is used to package complex ideas memorably for
easy retention and recall.
D) There is incentive to ensure that changes cleave to traditional
formulas.
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Wording the Speech
Orality can be best described as
A) the ability of most members of a society to speak fluently.
B) All of these answers.
C) thought and verbal expression in societies where the technologies of
literacy are unfamiliar.
D) A society made up of progressives subdivided into groups based on
similar interests and skills.
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Wording the Speech
Orality can be best described as
A) the ability of most members of a society to speak fluently.
B) All of these answers.
C) thought and verbal expression in societies where the technologies of
literacy are unfamiliar.
D) A society made up of progressives subdivided into groups based on
similar interests and skills.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a good primary source?
A) An article in an academic journal
B) An interview you conduct
C) A review
D) A biography
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a good primary source?
A) An article in an academic journal
B) An interview you conduct
C) A review
D) A biography
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Wording the Speech
In order for your speech to be easy for your audience to follow, it
is important to fully understand what you are speaking about.
Which of the following is a good way to assure that you
understand your topic?
A) Understand the question your speech will be answering.
B) All of these answers.
C) Make sure you understand the meaning of all the terms you plan to
use.
D) Decide what purpose your speech will fulfill.
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Wording the Speech
In order for your speech to be easy for your audience to follow, it
is important to fully understand what you are speaking about.
Which of the following is a good way to assure that you
understand your topic?
A) Understand the question your speech will be answering.
B) All of these answers.
C) Make sure you understand the meaning of all the terms you plan to
use.
D) Decide what purpose your speech will fulfill.
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Wording the Speech
"You are the bread and the knife" is an example of
A) simile.
B) process words.
C) monotony.
D) metaphor.
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Wording the Speech
"You are the bread and the knife" is an example of
A) simile.
B) process words.
C) monotony.
D) metaphor.
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Wording the Speech
When is it appropriate to write descriptively when composing a
speech?
A) When you want your speech to sound pretty.
B) All of these answers.
C) When you want to be repetitive in order to emphasize your point.
D) When you want to conjure an image in your audience's mind in order
to get your point across.
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Wording the Speech
When is it appropriate to write descriptively when composing a
speech?
A) When you want your speech to sound pretty.
B) All of these answers.
C) When you want to be repetitive in order to emphasize your point.
D) When you want to conjure an image in your audience's mind in order
to get your point across.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a good example of a phrase that signifies
that you are introducing illustrations?
A) considered by many
B) it is widely believed
C) to name an example
D) many people say
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a good example of a phrase that signifies
that you are introducing illustrations?
A) considered by many
B) it is widely believed
C) to name an example
D) many people say
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a useful element to consider when
developing your voice?
A) Who will be present at your speech?
B) What is the occasion, venue, and formality of your speech?
C) All of these answers.
D) What makes you the subject matter expert?
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is a useful element to consider when
developing your voice?
A) Who will be present at your speech?
B) What is the occasion, venue, and formality of your speech?
C) All of these answers.
D) What makes you the subject matter expert?
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Wording the Speech
What is the main purpose of alliteration in public speaking?
A) Alliteration boosts the efficacy of a speech's argument for listeners.
B) Alliteration adds textural complexity to a speech to make words sound
more engaging to listeners.
C) Alliteration adds relevant context to a speech for listeners.
D) Alliteration helps listeners better understand key terms used in a
speech.
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Wording the Speech
What is the main purpose of alliteration in public speaking?
A) Alliteration boosts the efficacy of a speech's argument for listeners.
B) Alliteration adds textural complexity to a speech to make words sound
more engaging to listeners.
C) Alliteration adds relevant context to a speech for listeners.
D) Alliteration helps listeners better understand key terms used in a
speech.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following examples best illustrates antithesis?
A) Dinner is the antithesis of supper
B) Wealth is the antithesis of prosperity
C) Religion is the antithesis of spirituality
D) Cold is the antithesis of heat
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following examples best illustrates antithesis?
A) Dinner is the antithesis of supper
B) Wealth is the antithesis of prosperity
C) Religion is the antithesis of spirituality
D) Cold is the antithesis of heat
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following describes the best use of hyperbole in a
speech?
A) Hyperbole should be used to make the speech more memorable to the
audience.
B) Hyperbole should be used as much as possible throughout the
speech.
C) Hyperbole should be used to contrast ideas using direct opposites.
D) Hyperbole should be used to communicate a point more vividly to the
audience.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following describes the best use of hyperbole in a
speech?
A) Hyperbole should be used to make the speech more memorable to the
audience.
B) Hyperbole should be used as much as possible throughout the
speech.
C) Hyperbole should be used to contrast ideas using direct opposites.
D) Hyperbole should be used to communicate a point more vividly to the
audience.
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Wording the Speech
Why should onomatopoeia be used sparingly in speeches?
A) Onomatopoeia uses unfamiliar phrases and quotes.
B) Onomatopoeia can distract the audience from the speaker's key
message.
C) Onomatopoeia can make the speech less relatable to the audience.
D) Onomatopoeia can be jarring to the audience.
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Wording the Speech
Why should onomatopoeia be used sparingly in speeches?
A) Onomatopoeia uses unfamiliar phrases and quotes.
B) Onomatopoeia can distract the audience from the speaker's key
message.
C) Onomatopoeia can make the speech less relatable to the audience.
D) Onomatopoeia can be jarring to the audience.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following can be used to approach personification in
a speech?
A) To speak as another person to make a point
B) To personify an inanimate object
C) All of these answers.
D) To personify an abstract thought
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following can be used to approach personification in
a speech?
A) To speak as another person to make a point
B) To personify an inanimate object
C) All of these answers.
D) To personify an abstract thought
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is an example of repetition in speech?
A) "Today's students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains."
B) "They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that will
determine their altitude."
C) "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall
pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe."
D) "Whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the
streets."
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following is an example of repetition in speech?
A) "Today's students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains."
B) "They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that will
determine their altitude."
C) "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall
pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe."
D) "Whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the
streets."
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Wording the Speech
Groucho Marx once said, "A hospital bed is a parked _______
with the meter running." Which of the following is the vehicle of
this metaphor?
A) Hospital
B) Bed
C) Meter
D) Taxi
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Wording the Speech
Groucho Marx once said, "A hospital bed is a parked _______
with the meter running." Which of the following is the vehicle of
this metaphor?
A) Hospital
B) Bed
C) Meter
D) Taxi
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Wording the Speech
Given that gender is learned by, defined and taught to us through
language and communication, which of the following is likely to be
true?
A) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received differently than her male counterpart.
B) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received the same as her male counterpart.
C) In certain cultural contexts, men are generally more attentive toward
female speakers.
D) In certain cultural contexts, women are generally more dismissive
toward male speakers.
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Wording the Speech
Given that gender is learned by, defined and taught to us through
language and communication, which of the following is likely to be
true?
A) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received differently than her male counterpart.
B) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received the same as her male counterpart.
C) In certain cultural contexts, men are generally more attentive toward
female speakers.
D) In certain cultural contexts, women are generally more dismissive
toward male speakers.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following best describes the impact of cultural bias
on the delivery of a speech?
A) It influences the speaker's affinity towards one culture or cultural
experience over another.
B) It impacts the strength and comprehensiveness of the speaker's
argument.
C) It impacts the speaker's mannerisms and speaking patterns.
D) It impacts how audiences receive the speaker in both trustworthiness
and reliability as an expert.
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Wording the Speech
Which of the following best describes the impact of cultural bias
on the delivery of a speech?
A) It influences the speaker's affinity towards one culture or cultural
experience over another.
B) It impacts the strength and comprehensiveness of the speaker's
argument.
C) It impacts the speaker's mannerisms and speaking patterns.
D) It impacts how audiences receive the speaker in both trustworthiness
and reliability as an expert.
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Wording the Speech
Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Researching." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Researching
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
• Wiktionary. "subjective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective
• Wiktionary. "objectivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objectivity
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Delimiting the question." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Delimiting_the_question
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms
• Wiktionary. "dissect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissect
• Wiktionary. "baseline." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baseline
• Wiktionary. "delimit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delimit
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Glossary." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Glossary
• Wikipedia. "Antithesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis
• Wiktionary. "antithesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antithesis
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
• Wikipedia. "Aliteration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliteration
• Wiktionary. "alliteration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alliteration
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Glossary." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Glossary#P
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Wording the Speech
• Wikipedia. "Personification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification
• Wikipedia. "prosopopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prosopopoeia
• Wiktionary. "personification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/personification
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis
• Wikipedia. "Hyperbole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole
• Wiktionary. "hyperbole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbole
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Exposition." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Exposition#Start_Writing
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
• Wikipedia. "Parallelism (grammar)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism_(grammar)
• Wikipedia. "Parallelism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism
• Wiktionary. "repetition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repetition
• Wikipedia. "Onomatopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia
• Wiktionary. "onomatopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/onomatopoeia
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
• Wiktionary. "venue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/venue
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Wording the Speech
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Humanities." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Humanities
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Sciences." CC BY-SA 3.0
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