Bell Work
Bell Work
• What is the difference between
intelligence and creativity?
• Is there a correlation?
Intelligence
What makes us intelligent
Or
Not so intelligent
IQ and Genes
• Identical twins reared together have virtually the same
scores.
• Fraternal twins reared together have really different
scores
• Identical Twins reared apart have slightly more different
IQ scores about 12%
• Identical twins brain scans show similar gray matter
composition
• There is a possible intelligence gene on chromosome 6
• Mice get smarter when an extra gene is inserted into the
eggs.
Ethnic Similarities and
Differences
• Racial groups differ in their average scores on
IQ tests.
• Asians have higher math scores than North
Americans, maybe because they spend 30%
more days in school each year, they spend more
time in and out of class on math and they are
more conscientious about test scores.
• The difference is not due to genetics but due to
environment.
• Caucasian African American infants scored the
same
Gender Similarities and
Differences
• Girls have higher computational scores
• Boys scored higher 45 points higher on the math
section of the SAT
• Boys have better problem solving scores.
• Girls were better at locating objects, more
sensitive, spelling and verbal ability
• Exposure to high levels of male sex hormones
during the pranatla period do enhance spatial
abilities.
• Women are more better at emotional-detecting
ability.
Creativity
• Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both
novel and valuable.
• People who do well on IQ tests also do well on creativity
tests.
• Those who score higher than 120 are less likely to
correlate their creativity success.
• Convergent thinking demands a single correct answer.
• Divergent thinking imagines multiple possible answers
to a problem.
• Injury to the left parietal lobe damages the convergent
thinking tested by IQ tests.
• Injury to certain areas of the frontal lobe destroys
imagination although it does not affect reading, writing
and arithmetic skills.
• There are five components of creativity including expertise( the
well developed base of knowledge), Imaginative thinking skills (
the ability to see things in novel ways to recognize patterns to
make connections) , A venturesome personality (tolerating
ambiguity and risk, perseverance in overcoming obstacles),
intrinsic motivation( being motivated by interest, enjoyment,
satisfaction and challenge) and creative environment (
sparking, supporting and refining creative ideas)
• Amabile’s experiments also reveal that a creative environment
frees individuals from the concern about social approval.
• If students were not worried about being graded, they would be
more creative.
• Amabile states that managers should allow employees to work
on what they are naturally interested in and provide time,
freedom and support to reach these goals.
Theories of Intelligence
• No one real
definition
• Fluid versus
Crystallized
Intelligence
• 4 main
theoretical
concepts of
intelligence….
Intelligence
• The ability to learn
from experience,
solve problems, and
use knowledge to
adapt to new
situations.
• Is socially
constructed thus…
Can be culturally
specific.
According to this
definition, are both
Einstein and Ruth
intelligent?
Is intelligence one thing or
several different abilities?
Charles Spearman
and his G factor
Jack Bauer is good
at torturing, bomb
defusing, shooting,
figuring out evil
plots and saving
the country (and he
is good looking). Is
there anything he
cannot do?
• To find out scientists use
FACTOR ANALYSIS:
A statistical procedure
that identifies clusters of
related items on a test.
• Charles Spearman used FA
to discover his g or
(general intelligence)—
what we see as many
different abilities actually
comes from G.
He saw using FA that doing well in
one area of a test predicted that you
will do well in another.
– If you are good at one
subject you are usually good
at many others.
Multiple Intelligences
• Howard Gardner disagreed
with Spearman’s g and
instead came up with the
concept of multiple
intelligences.
• He came up with the idea
by studying savants (a
condition where a person
has limited mental ability
but is exceptional in one
area).
Activity
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visual/Spatial
Verbal/Linguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Musical/Rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Natural
Learn More about Gardner
Sternberg’s Three Aspects of
Intelligence
Successful Intelligence
Gardner Simplified
• Analytical (academic
problem solving).
• Creative (generating
novel ideas)
• Practical (required
for everyday tasks
where multiple
solutions exist).
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
• Goleman
• Interpersonal and
intrapersonal
intelligences.
• First called social
intelligence.
• The ability to perceive,
express, understand,
and regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to
be a greater predictor
for future success than
IQ
Brain Size and Intelligence
Is there a link?
• Small +.15 correlation
between head size and
intelligence scores
(relative to body size).
• Using an MRI we found
+.44 correlation with
brain size and IQ
score.
Brain Function and Intelligence
• Higher performing
brains are less
active than lower
performing brains
(use less glucose).
• Neurological speed is
also a bit quicker.
How do we Assess Intelligence?
• Alfred Binet and Theodore
Simon set out to figure out a
concept called a mental age
(what a person of a particular
age should know).
• They discovered that by
discovering someone’s mental
age they can predict future
performance.
• Hoped they could use test to
help children, not label them.
Reasons for Intelligence Testing
• The modern intelligence testing movement
began with Alfred Binet. The French
Government dictated that all children must
attend school. Binet devised the test to
help place special needs children.
• Binet thought that children all develop the
same but just at different rates, he
differentiated between the child’s actual
age, and their mental age.
• Another psychologist derived the term IQ
from these tests
• IQ stands for Intelligent Quotient originally
because of its equation:
• IQ = mental age x 100
--------------actual age
• Today’s IQ is calculated differently using
100 as a mean having 2/3rds of the
population getting between 85 and 115.
Terman and his IQ Test
• A 8 year old has a
mental age of 10, what
is her IQ?
• A 12 year old has the
mental age of 9, what is
his IQ?
• A boy has the mental
age of 10 and an IQ of
200, how old is he?
• Stanford University
• Revised Binet’s test
for students in
California to construct
the modern day IQ
test called the
Stanford-Binet Test.
• IQ=Mental
age/Chronological age
X 100.
Problems with the IQ Formula
• It does not really work well on adults, why?
If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 30 year old
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!
Today’s IQ Tests
• Intelligence – mental quality consisting of
the ability to learn from experience, solve
problems, and use knowledge to adapt to
new situations.
• Factor analysis – statistical procedure that
identifies clusters of related items on a test
used to identify different dimensions of
performance that underlie one’s total
score.
• Example: some people might score high
in vocabulary might also score high in
paragraph comprehension, both would be
factors under verbal intelligence.
However, many scientists believe in one
over-riding factor that helps define all
others – General Intelligence. There is a
great debate over whether a single score
can accurately describe someone’s
intelligence.
Wechsler Tests
• More common way
to give IQ
tests….does not
use the formula
but uses the same
scoring system.
• WAIS
• WISC
• WPPSI
• WAIS II-used to test a lot of people/group
• WAIS III-full-scale, verbal, performance
• WAIS IV-four major factors of intelligence
(index factors)
– Verbal Comprehension Index-(crystallized)
– Perceptual Organization-(fluid)—details,
visual motor integration, picture completion,
block design, matrix reasoning
– Working Memory
– Processing Speed
Stanford-Binet AND Wechsler
are both great for measuring
relative normativity and
baseline scores
Testing Infants
• Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scalenewborn competence
• Bayley Scales of Infant Development IImental and motor skills (1-42 months)
• Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
(KABC)
– 18 subtests/5 global scales
– 3-18
Woodcock-Johnson
• Cognitive IQ achievement batteries
– Psychometrics/validity research
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
• Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) consists of
11 subtests and cues
us in to strengths by
using…..
Factor Analysis
Aptitude v. Achievement Tests
Aptitude
• A test designed to
predict a person’s
future performance.
• The ability for that
person to learn.
Achievement
• A test designed to
assess what a person
has learned.
How do we construct an
Intelligence Test?
• Standardized: the
questions have been
piloted on similar
populations and the
scores fall on a
normal distribution.
• Reliable: TestRetest, Split-halves
Methods.
• Validity: Content,
Predictive or
Construct.
Standardization
• The test must be pre-tested to a
representative sample of people and
• Form a normal distribution or bell curve
Flynn Effect
Reliability
• The extent which
a test yields
consistent results
over time.
• Spilt halves or
test–retest
method.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what
it is supposed to measure.
• Content Validity: does the test sample
a behavior of interest
• Predictive Validity: does the test
predict future behavior.
Criterion related validity
Does Intelligence Change Over
Time?
• By age 3, a child’s
IQ can predict
adolescent IQ
scores.
• Depends on the
type of intelligence,
crystallized or
fluid.
Extremes of Intelligence
Male vs. Female
Group Differences in Intelligence
Test Scores
• The Bell curve is different for Whites
v. Black.
• Math scores are different across
genders and the highest scores are for
Asian males.
Why?
Nature or Nurture
Bell Work
• The standardized bell curve is different
from race-to-race and sex-to-sex. Why?
Don't play the dozens.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Don't gamble.
Don't talk about others' family members.
Don't try to stay up 'round the clock.
Don't date too many people at once.
Let me throw down on this plate.
a. Let me check the quality of this marijuana.
b. Let me snort some cocaine.
c. Let me finish eating.
d. Let me steal this car.
She's buffed.
a. She's got a cute rear-end.
b. She's overweight.
c. She's wearing leather.
d. She's got polished manners.
He bumped me.
a. He tried to start a fight.
b. He sold me bad drugs.
c. He missed my vein and injected dope into
my muscles.
d. He took me on a date but brought
somebody else home.
Dog food.
a. Heroin.
b.Cocaine.
c. Downers.
d. Amphetamines.
Speedball.
a. Amphetamines.
b. Cocaine and heroine combination.
c. LSD with amphetamines.
d. Amphetamines and alcohol.
Stop dippin'.
a. Get out of my drug supply.
b. Don't mess around on me anymore.
c. Quit being nosey.
d. All of the above.
Test Bias?
Tests do discriminate.
But some argue that their sole purpose is
to discriminate.
We have to look at the type of
discrimination.
AI: Artificial Intelligence
Historical Perspective
• 4000 years ago in China
• Han Dynasty
– Test batteries (2 or more tests used
concomitantly)
• Ming Dynasty
– National Testing Program
• Galton (1859)
– Higher forms evolved because of differences
• Catell (1890)
– Coined ‘mental test’
– Led to modern test development
• A test is a measurement device or
technique used to quantify behavior or aid
in the understanding and prediction of
behavior. They are not perfect measures.
• An item is a specific stimulus to which a
person responds overtly, and can be
scored or evaluated.
What confounding variables
can there be that can cause
someone to perform poorly on
an achievement or aptitude
test?