WHY DON’T PEOPLE
WANT TO HELP IN AN
EMERGENCY????
• Presence of others
• Uncertainty about the person’s condition
• Fear of catching a disease
• Fear of doing something wrong
• Fear of being sued
• Being unsure of when to call 911
• Scared of blood
#1
CAN I GET IN TROUBLE
IF I HELP SOMEONE?
• All 50 states have Good Samaritan Laws
• Enacted to protect people who voluntarily give
emergency care, without accepting anything in
return.
• Laws protect you as long as you –
• Act in good faith
• Are not negligent
• Act within the scope of your training
HOW DO I PREVENT
DISEASE
TRANSMISSION
Use Universal Precautions
- Avoid contact with:
• Blood
• Body fluids
- Use PPE (personal protective equipment) such as:
• Gloves
• CPR barriers
- Wash hands immediately after care
#2
WHAT CAN I
DO?
• Provide Care
- maintain normal body temperature
- loosen tight clothing
- reassure victim help is coming
- learn basic first aid skills for common injuries
• Be Prepared…
- keep a list of emergency numbers near by
- know where family health records are kept
- keep first aid supplies both at home and in a vehicle
FIRST AID KIT
• Having several first aid
kits around can be helpful.
• Keep one in the house, in
the car, and always take
one when camping or hiking.
• Do you know what should be
in your kit?
• Basic First Aid Kit items:
- scissors
- bandages
- tape
- alcohol wipes
- ibuprofen
- gauze pads
- rubber gloves
- band aids
#3
YOUR
RESPONSIBILITY
1. DECIDE to act
2. CHECK the area
3. CALL the local emergency services
4. Provide CARE until help arrives
DECIDE TO
ACT!
For the victim in an emergency to receive treatment,
someone must act.
Someone needs to help, why not you??
YOUR
RESPONSIBILITY
1. DECIDE to act
2. CHECK the area
3. CALL the local emergency services
4. Provide CARE until help arrives
#4
You should determine:
-
CHECK THE AREA
AROUND THE
EMERGENCY
What kind of an emergency
Is it safe for you and victim
The number of victims
The cause of the injury
Any unusual smells
How are the victims behaving
Any unusual noises
YOUR
RESPONSIBILITY
1. DECIDE to act
2. CHECK the area
3. CALL 911 for help
4. Provide CARE until help arrives
CALL FOR
HELP
It is very important after you check a scene of an
emergency to decide if emergency personnel is needed.
- How do I know?
Is emergency life threatening?
Are you sure you know how to help?
The most important action for you to take at an emergency
is to -
It will start emergency medical help on its
way as fast as possible.
LIFE THREATENING
EMERGENCY?
An emergency may be life threatening if the person:
o Is unconscious, unresponsive, or not awake.
o Is having trouble breathing or is not breathing.
o Is not moving.
o Is bleeding severely and the bleeding cannot be
stopped.
o Is having chest pain.
If you are unsure if an emergency situation is life
threatening or not, call 9-1-1.
YOUR
RESPONSIBILITY
1. DECIDE to act
2. CHECK the area
3. CALL the local emergency services
4. Provide CARE until help arrives
PROVIDING
CARE
When providing care it is important to remember:
Remain calm!!!
Remember to ask for consent to treat.
What is your level of training?
ALWAYS treat life threatening victims first!
Watch for changes in breathing or consciousness
#5
OBTAINING
CONSENT
• Before helping someone, you MUST obtain
permission to help someone
• If someone refuses care, call 911 for them
• If unconscious, confused or seriously ill & not able
to grant consent, the consent is implied.
• If a minor, get consent from parent or guardian
HOW DO I ASK TO
HELP?
To Obtain Consent:
•
•
•
•
•
State your name
Tell the person you are trained in first aid
Ask the person if you can help
Explain what you think might be wrong
Explain what you plan to do
CONSCIOUS
VICTIM
1. Check breathing- is it labored?
2. Introduce yourself and ask permission to help
3. Explain your training
4. Ask what happened and ask about the injury
5. Decide if you can help them or do you need
paramedics
UNCONSCIOUS
VICTIM
1. Check for breathing
- if yes, roll onto side
- if no, then you must start CPR
2. Check for bleeding
WHAT IS FIRST
AID?
It is the temporary care given to a person who
becomes injured or ill.
Knowing what kind of first aid to provide can
prevent serious and sometimes permanent damage
to the victim. In some cases, first aid can even
prevent death.
You need to handle each emergency differently,
depending on the severity of the illness or injury.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
TYPES OF WOUNDS
1. Soft tissues include layers of skin, fat, & muscle
2. Damage may be at the skin level or deeper in the body
3. A physical injury that damages the layers of skin is called
a wound.
4. Wounds are typically classified as either opened or
closed.
CLOSED
WOUNDS
#6
Closed: wounds where the skin’s surface is not broken.
The simples closed wound is a bruise. It is caused by a
blow to the body that damages the soft tissue layer
and causes internal bleeding.
When to call 911-
OPEN
WOUNDS
OPEN WOUNDS – the skin’s surface is broken, and
blood may come through the tear in the skin.
Types of open wounds:
• Abrasions – caused by something
rubbing against skin
• Lacerations- a cut in the skin
#6
#7
• Types of open wounds cont.:
• Avulsions – when a portion of the skin
is partially or completely torn away
- Ice the area immediately
• Punctures- occur when a pointed
object such as a nail, pierces the skin
- bacteria can get in the wound, so
you most likely will need a tetanus
shot
NEED
STITCHES?
Rule of thumb: if you are
wondering if it needs stitches,
it probably does 
 Used when edges of skin
don’t fall together
 When cut is on the face
 Any wounds over ½ inch long
 Wounds that are deep
#8
CONTROLLING OPEN WOUND
BLEEDING
• Cover the wound with a
sterile dressing
-If it bleeds through dressing, apply
another dressing over previous…
NEVER remove a dressing.
• Apply direct pressure until
bleeding stops
• Cover the sterile dressing
with a bandage.
Make sure it is not too tight that it
cuts off circulation.
TYPES OF
BURNS
Cause:
•
•
•
•
Thermal (heat)
Chemicals
Electricity
Radiation
#9
Classifications: by depth
• 1st degree
•
•
•
•
sunburn
epidermis only
never blisters
not calculated in burn extent
• 2nd degree
•
•
•
•
through the epidermis into the dermis
blister develop
pink, moist, painful
can hurt the worst
• 3rd degree
• All three layers burned
• May be tissue damage to the bone
• May or may not be painful
# 10
CARING FOR A MINOR
BURN
• Do:
• Check scene for safety
• Remove source of burn
• Cool 1st and 2nd degree
burns with cool running
water
• Cover wound loosely with
a sterile dressing
• DO NOT!!!!
•
•
•
•
•
•
Use ice
Break blisters
Remove pieces of clothing stuck to burn
Use any type of ointment on a severe burns
Do not immerse 3rd degree burns in water
Do not touch the area of a burn with anything
but a clean covering
Would you put it on a
burn? Click yes or no!
Yes
No
No!
A doctor would have
to scrape butter off
the burn before
treating it. Ouch!
No!
Cotton wool will
stick to the burn.
Never cover a burn
with anything fluffy.
1. Butter
2. Cotton wool
Yes!
Use water to cool
a burn for at least
10 minutes.
Yes!
If you haven’t got
water to cool a
burn, a cold liquid,
like milk will do
Yes!
The gauze will keep
it clean.
3. Cold water
4. Cold milk
5. Sterile gauze
CHEMICAL
BURNS
• Remove contaminated
clothing if possible
• Brush off dry
chemicals
• Flush burn with water
for 15 to 20 minutes
• Flush eye, if chemical
in eye, for 15 – 20
min.
ELECTRICAL
BURNS
• Look First, Do Not Touch
• DO NOT go near person until he/she is not in contact with
power source
• High-voltage: call 911
• Turn off power source
• Observe for cardiac arrest
• Care for shock, thermal burns
• All need advanced medical care
• These burn from the inside – out
• They are extremely dangerous
SUDDEN ILLNESSES
SUDDEN ILLNESS
General Guidelines
• Do no further harm
• Monitor breathing and consciousness
• Help the person rest in the most
comfortable position
• Keep the person from getting chilled or
overheated
• Reassure the person
• Give any specific care needed
FAINTING
• Temporary loss of consciousness
• Caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the
brain
• Usually self-correcting
• Victim recovers quickly with no lasting effects
• Place victim on their side in a resting position
DIABETIC
EMERGENCY
• Body does not produce enough insulin or does not use
insulin effectively
• If victim conscious and able to swallow:
• They might need help injecting
• Give sugar
• If victim unable to swallow or sugar not available call 911
# 11
What are they?
SEIZURE
Disruption of normal electrical
activity of the brain causing a loss
of body control
• What can you do?
o Do NOT put anything in their mouths
o Do NOT restrain the person
o Prevent injury
o Make sure person is breathing
Video – 5:30 min
Seizures—call 9-1-1 if:
o They are injured or remains unconscious when the seizure is over.
o The person is pregnant or has diabetes.
o The person is very young or very old.
o It is the person’s first seizure.
POISONIN
G
Definition:
• Any substance that can cause injury, illness or
death when introduced into the body
How introduced into the body:
• Inhalation
• Swallowed
• Absorption
• Injection
Treatment
• If life threatening call 911
• Call Poison Control Center and follow their
directions 1-800-222-1222
• DO NOT give anything by mouth
CHOKIN
G
Suddenly your friend starts
choking on a piece of food…
… struggling for breath… holding
his throat… turning red in the
face…
What do you do?????
First ask: “Are you choking?”
mild
choking
severe
choking
both
unable to
speak
answers when questioned
difficulty
breathing
unable to
breathe
coughs
holding
throat
red face
unable to
cough
Sort the boxes into the Venn diagram. See the next
slide for answers…
# 12
mild
choking
both
coughs
severe
choking
unable to
breathe
red face
answers when questioned
holding
throat
difficulty
breathing
unable to
cough
unable to
speak
If choking is mild, encourage the choking
person to cough. This should clear the
problem.
If your friend can’t speak or
cough, the choking is
severe.
Airway Your friend’s airway has
been blocked by food.
Unable to breathe, your
friend may quickly pass out.
Food
You must act right away.
# 13
When someone’s choking badly, you must do
something.
The video clip shows you what to do…
# 14
STROK
E
What is it?
It is when the blood flow to an area of
brain is cut off. This deprives th brain
cells of oxygen and begin to die.
• Think F.A.S.T.
o F = Face – weakness on one side
o A = Arms – weak or numb
o S = Speech – slurred or trouble talking
o T = Time – call 911 now!!
# 15
What is it?
SHOC
K
Life-threatening condition in which there is not
enough blood being delivered to all parts of the
body
When can you get it?
Can happen after a serious injury or illness including:
• severe bleeding
• Serious internal injury
• Blood or body fluid loss
What are the signs?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Restlessness or irritability
Altered level of consciousness
Nausea or Vomiting
Pale, ashen, cool, moist skin
Rapid breathing and pulse
Excessive thirst
How do you take care of someone in shock?
• Call 911
• Remain calm
• Have the person lie down
• Control any external bleeding
• Cover with a blanket
• DO NOT give anything to eat or drink
• Reassure the person
• Monitor airway, breathing, and
circulation
ALLERGIC
REACTION
Cause:
•
•
•
•
Drugs
Medications
Foods
Chemicals
Treatment:
• Check
• Call
• Care
• Give care for any life-threatening condition
• Epinephrine auto-injector
# 16
BITES & STINGS
• Insect Stings
•
•
•
•
Scrape away the stinger
Wash site with soap and water
Cold pack to reduce pain
Watch for signs of an allergic reaction
• Tick Bites
• Remove tick with tweezers as close to skin as possible and
pull slowly
• DO NOT
• Burn tick off
• Apply petroleum jelly
• If rash, flu-like sx, or joint pain seek medical care
Severe reactions include: weakness, swelling of the face and
neck, and difficulty breathing. If these signs are present…
call 911
INJURIES TO MUSCLES,
BONES, AND JOINTS
# 17
TYPES OF MUSCLE, BONE
AND JOINT INJURIES
• Fractures: break in bone
• Open Fracture: skin over fracture broken
• Closed Fracture: skin over fracture intact
• Dislocation: displacement of a bone at the
joint
• Sprain: partial or complete tearing or stretching of a
ligament
• Strain: stretching or tearing of muscles or tendon
fibers
# 18
CARE FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
Think RICE!
• Rest
• Ice
• Compress
• Elevate
• Rest
• Immobilize
• Cold
• Elevate
WHEN DO YOU CALL
911?
• Open fracture—you can see bone
• Cannot move or use the hurt part normally (for
example,
if the person cannot stand on his/her leg)
• Area is cold and numb
• Involves the head, neck or spine
• Trouble breathing
SPLINTIN
G
• Definition: method of immobilizing
• Splint injury in position in which you find it
• Splint the injured area and the joints or
bones above and below the injury site
• Check for circulation
• Feeling, warmth, and color
TYPES OF
SPLINTS
• Soft Splint
• Use of pillows, folded blankets, towels, & a
sling
• Rigid Splint
• Includes boards, metal strips & folded
magazines or newspapers
• Use a triangular bandage
• Anatomical Splints
• Use uninjured body part as a splint to
immobilize an injured area
ANATOMIC
SPLINT
1. Get consent
to treat
3. Align body
parts
2. Check
circulation
4. Tie
bandages
securely
3. Position
bandages
5. Recheck
circulation
SOFT
SPLINT
1. Support
injured part
3. Wrap with
soft object
2. Check
circulation
4. Tie
bandages
securely
3. Position
bandages
5. Recheck
circulation
# 19
HOT OR COLD
After an injury ice can be very beneficial. It can:
THERAPY?
•Reduce bleeding within tissues
•Prevent or reduce swelling
•Reduce muscle spasm
•Reduce pain by numbing the area and reducing
swelling (which causes pain through pressure)
Ice or cold packs should be applied for 15-20 minutes every 2-3 hours. Be sure to
protect the skin if you apply ice/cold packs to prevent an ice burn.
Heat is beneficial when the injury is 48-72 hours old,
otherwise it can worsen the bleeding and inflammation.
Heat can be applied in the form of:
•Deep heat creams
•Heat pads
•Hot water bottles
Heat works by dilating the blood vessels allowing more
blood to the area which has a soothing effect. It eases
pain and muscle spasms.
NECK, HEAD, AND
BACK INJURIES
# 20
CARE FOR INJURIES TO THE
HEAD, NECK, OR BACK
• Call 911!
• These injuries may cause unintentional death or
life-long neurological damage
• Minimize movement of the head, neck or back
• Leave victim in the position found in
If the head is turned sharply to one side, DO NOT
try to align it. Support the head in the position you
found it in.
# 21
CONCUSSION
S
What are they?
It is a type of traumatic brain injury that is caused by a
blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that
jars or shakes the brain inside the skull.
• Signals
o Loss of balance
o Vision disturbances
o Nausea and vomiting
o Dizziness
o Headache
BRAIN INJURIES
SIGNALS FOR BRAIN INJURIES:
• Changes in consciousness, such as confusion and excessive sleepiness
• Severe pain or pressure in the head, neck or back
• Tingling or loss of feeling in the hands, fingers, feet or toes
• Partial or complete loss of movement of any body part
• Blood or other fluids draining from the ears or nose
• Heavy external bleeding of the head, neck or back
• Seizures
• Trouble breathing or seeing as a result of the injury
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of balance (after the initial injury)
• Bruising of the head, especially around the eyes and behind the ears
WHEN DO I CALL 911?
• Suspect a serious head or spinal injury when the person:
o Says there is neck or back pain.
o Has tingling or weakness in the arms or legs.
o Is not fully alert.
o Staggers when trying to walk.
o Appears to be unexpectedly weak.
Call 9-1-1.
HEAT & COLD
RELATED
EMERGENCIES
# 22
What is it?
HYPOTHER
MIA
When your body loses heat faster than it can produce it.
Normal body temperature is around 98.6° F Hypothermia
is when the body temperature passes below 95° F.
When does it happen?
When there is overexposure to cool temperatures,
cold water, moisture, and/or wind.
What happens to the victim?
-shivers and feels cold
-trouble speaking
-tired
-confused
-pulse rate slows down and becomes irregular
-can become unconscious and die if not treated
HYPOTHER
MIA CONT.
What do you do?
- call 911 ASAP
- handle them carefully
- try to get them to a warmer environment
- remove wet clothing and put on dry
clothing
# 23
FROSTBIT
E
What is it?
The freezing of body parts
exposed to the cold.
What to look for:
-lack of feeling
-skin swollen and waxy looking
-skin cold to the touch
-skin may be discolored
-blisters may form
-may turn black if severe
FROSTBIT
E
CONT.
Call 911 if severe!
Until help arrives:
• handle the area gently
• remove wet clothing
and jewelry
• if minor, you can
rewarm the area using
skin-to-skin contact
• Warm them up slowly!
NEVER:
• rub the area
• rewarm the area if there
is a chance it might
refreeze or you are going
to the hospital
• give ibuprofen
• break the blisters
HEAT-RELATED
ILLNESSES
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke and all
caused by overexposure to heat, loss of fluids and
electrolytes.
HEAT EXHAUSTION is more severe than heat cramps.
It affects, athletes, firefighters, construction works or
factory workers most often.
Signs: cool, moist, pale, ashen or flushed skin;
headache;nausea;dizzine4ss; weakness; and exhaustion
What do you do?
- get them out of the heat - give cool liquids
- loosen or remove clothes - let the person rest
# 24
HEAT STROKE:
CALL 911!!!!!
Least common, but most severe of heat related
illnesses.
Occurs when people ignore the warning signals of
heat exhaustion.
Watch for:
- extremely high body temp
- red skin that can be dry or moist
- changes in consciousness - confusion
- rapid or weak pulse
- shallow breathing
Cool them off
- vomiting
ASAP!
- seizures