Chapter 25 Land Empires in
the Age of Imperialism, 18001870
The Ottoman Empire
Egypt and the Napoleonic
Example, 1798-1840
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In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt and
defeated the Mamluk.
Returned to France. In 1801 French
forces withdrew, leaving ________ in
control of the new Egyptian state.
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French practices
Ibrahim invaded Syria and started
similar reforms there.
Ali ruled until 1849
– Family 1952
Ottoman Reform and the
European Model, 1807-1853
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Sultan Selim III introduced European reform
– Military, central government, taxation, and
land tenure
– These reforms led to opposition from the
Janissaries
– Serbian peasants helped defeat the
Janissary uprising and went on to make
Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire
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Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted
his reforms. Why?
– Suspends reform but was executed
Greek independence 1829
– Triumph for European civilization
 Allies:
Sultan Mahmud II
– Uses popular outrage to reform
 New army
 Elimination of Janissaries
 Reduction of religious elites
 Tanzimat reforms
–Abdul Mejid 1839
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Tanzimat
– European Reform
French and German training
 General education
 Foreign instructors
 Language
 Education stimulated urban wealth
 Clothing
 Equal taxation
 Equal access to courts for all males
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– Women
Forced women to give up inheritance to
husbands
 Competition
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The Crimean War and Its
Aftermath 1853-1856
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Russian’s southward expansion led to
the Crimean War w/ the Ottoman
Empire
– Enemies:
– Loss blocked expansion
into the Middle East and
Eastern Europe
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Significant changes
– Russian government discredited
– French and English propaganda
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Turk-French unity
– Warfare
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Modernized
Percussion caps and breech-loading rifles
Machine guns
Railways to transfer weapons
Trench warfare
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Ottoman changes
– Continuation of European model
Urbanization
 Wage labor classes
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– Problems
Fiscal problems
 Foreign loans
 Trade deficit
 inflation
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In the 1860s and 1870s discussion of
a law that would have permitted all
men to vote left Muslims worried that
the Ottoman Empire was no longer a
Muslim society. This worry may have
contributed to Muslim hostilities
against Christians in the Ottoman
territories in Europe, Armenia, and the
Middle East.
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Young Ottomans
– Constitutionalism
– Liberal reform
– Turkish national state
– In 1876 a ____ was granted but a coup
placed a more ______ ruler on the
throne;
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Result:
The Russian Empire
Russia and Europe
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In 1700, only __% lived in cities; very
slow development of infrastructure
and transportation.
What prevented development of
western modernization?
Russia and Asia
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At end of 18th century, Russian Empire
extended from ____ Ocean to _____.
In the 19th century expansion brought
conflict with: China, Japan, Iran, and
Ottoman Empire.
______ took steps to prevent Russia
from gaining control of all of Central
Asia.
Cultural Trends
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Contact with Russia since late 17th century.
Opposition to reform came from wealthy
families fearing imperial despotism.
Penalties from Crimean War
Developed cultural relations with Europe
while the Ottoman would ultimately
succumb to European imperialism.
The Qing Empire
Economic and Social
Disorder, 1800-1839
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When Qing conquered China in
1600s, they restored peace and
promoted expansion of agricultural
economy thus…
Population strain
– Itinerant farmhands,
laborers, and merchants
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Discontent in Qing China
– Minorities
– Government
– Foreign merchants
– Manifested in a series of rebellions
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White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)
The Opium War and Its
Aftermath, 1839-1850
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Qin did not take British seriously or the
growth of opium trade propagated in China.
– Banned in 1839
– Lin Zenxu was sent
to Canton to deal with matter.
– Opium War (1939-44)
ended with the Treaty of Nanking.
The Taiping Rebellion,
1850-1864
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Guangxi providence
– Poor farmers
– Poverty
– Ethnic divisions
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Hakka
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
– Hong Xiuquan; Canton
– Recruits
– Captured Nanjing in 1853
– Fell to Chinese/British/French
– Legacy:
20-30 million deaths
 Depopulation
 Massive destruction of
Property and land
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Decentralization at the End
of the Qing Empire, 18641875
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____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration.
Reform modeled after _____.
Aristocrats
Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from
disintegrating into a set of large power zones in
which provincial governors exercised real authority.