Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Catholic Influence
SECTION 2 Attempts to Reform
SECTION 3 Learning
SECTION 4 The Crusades
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 25 discusses the role of the Roman
Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. 
– Section 1 describes the influence of the
Church in daily life in western Europe. 
– Section 2 discusses Church reforms. 
– Section 3 explains the spread of
Christian teachings in western Europe. 
– Section 4 describes reasons for
the Crusades.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• discuss how the Roman Catholic Church
influenced life during the Middle Ages. 
• summarize attempts to reform the
Church. 
• describe education during the Middle
Ages. 
• explain why the Crusades took place. 
• list effects of the Crusades.
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Read to Discover
• How the Roman Catholic Church influenced
life during the Middle Ages 
• What attempts were made to reform the
Church during the Middle Ages 
• What learning was like during the
Middle Ages 
• Why the Crusades took place during the
Middle Ages 
• What the effects of the Crusades were
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 381 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
People to Know
• Urban II 
• mass 
• Saladin 
• tithes 
• Richard the
• cathedrals 
Lionheart 
• unions 
Places to Locate
• chancellor 
• Cluny 
• crusades 
• Palestine 
• emirs 
• Outremer 
People to Know
• Venice 
• Gregory VII 
• Francis of Assisi  • Acre
• Thomas Aquinas 
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Why It’s Important
Leaders in the Roman Catholic Church
wanted to develop a civilization in western
Europe that was based on Christian ideals.
By 1000, missionary monks had brought
the Church’s teachings to most of Europe.
They converted people and built new
churches and monasteries. The Roman
Catholic Church united western Europeans
and took the lead in government, law, art,
and learning for hundreds of years. The
Church helped pass on the heritage of the
Roman Empire. Latin became the official
language of the Church.
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Catholic Influence
• The Roman Catholic Church had great
influence during the Middle Ages. 
• It was the center of every village and
town, and played an important part in
the political life of the period.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 380 of your textbook.
Daily Life
• Daily life revolved around the Church. 
• On Sundays, people went to mass, or a
worship service, held by the parish priest. 
• Church leaders ran schools and hospitals.
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Political Life
• The Church played an important role in the
political life of the Middle Ages. 
• Together with kings and nobles, Church
officials helped govern western Europe. 
• The Church told people to obey the king’s
laws unless they went against canon
laws, or laws set up by the Church.
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The Inquisition
• Despite its power, the Church faced the
problem of heresy. 
• In 1129, a council of bishops set up the
Inquisition, or Church court, to end heresy
by force. 
• People suspected of heresy had one
month to confess and if they did not
appear they were seized and brought to
trial. 
• The trial’s purpose was to get a
confession.
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Section Assessment
What part did parish priests play
in government?
They were expected to tell the people
to respect the kings, the nobles, and
other government officials.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences How do you
think a king might have felt about
being excommunicated from
the Church?
Answers will vary. It would not be
desirable for a king to
excommunicated because then the
king would lose his political rights.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 383
of your textbook and use it to
show examples of Church powers
during the Middle Ages.
Answers will vary.
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Attempts at Reform
• The Church became rich during the Middle
Ages as church members gave tithes, or
offerings equal to 10 percent of their
income, and rich nobles donated money to
build large churches and gave land
to monasteries. 
• When a bishop died, his office and lands
were taken over by the local noble who often
chose a close relative as the new bishop or
sold the office. 
• During the late 900s and early 1000s, some
western Europeans worked to return the
Church to Christian ideals.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 384 of your textbook.
The Monks of Cluny
• To fight corruption in the Church, devout, or
deeply religious, nobles founded new
monasteries that strictly followed the
Benedictine Rule. 
• Cluny was an important monastery in
eastern France where monks led simple
prayerful lives, recognized only the
authority of the Pope, and said that the
Church, not kings or nobles, should
choose all Church leaders.
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Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory VII continued the reforms
begun by the monks of Cluny. 
• Gregory had two goals as Pope: to rid the
Church of control by kings and nobles,
and to increase the Pope’s power over
Church officials. 
• Gregory made many changes in the
Church to achieve his goals.
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Friars
• During the early 1200s, preachers called
friars, or monks who worked directly with
people and did not isolate themselves,
carried out Church reforms. 
• Two well-known orders, or groups of
friars, were the Franciscans and
Dominicans. 
• Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan
order in 1200. A Spanish monk named
Dominic started the Dominican order in
1216.
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Section Assessment
What reforms did Gregory VII
introduce?
He continued reforms started by the
monks of Cluny, removed Church
leaders who bought or sold Church
offices, forbade bishops or priests to
marry, and increased the power
of the Pope.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the Franciscans and
Dominicans try to bring
Christianity directly to the people.
They lived in towns among the
people and learned many languages
so that they could preach
everywhere.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions Why do you
think the monks of Cluny gained the
people’s respect?
They gained people’s respect
because they led simple lives,
spending much of their time
in prayer.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 386 of
your textbook, and use it to show the
causes and effects of the rise of Church
reforms in the 900s and 1000s.
Causes: Some monks neglected their
religious duties. Church offices were bought
and sold. Some officials did not keep
Church rules or bother with the needs of the
poor. Effects: New monasteries and
religious orders emerged. The power of
kings to appoint Church officials decreased,
while the power of the Pope increased.
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Learning
• During the late Middle Ages, the rise of
governments brought more security, the
economy grew stronger, and there was
more time for learning. 
• Learning was in the hands of the Church.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 386 of your textbook.
Cathedral Schools
• The parish clergy set up schools in
cathedrals, or churches headed
by bishops. 
• The cathedral schools taught grammar,
rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, and music.
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Universities
• After a while, students complained that
teachers held few classes and did not cover
enough subjects, and teachers complained
that untrained people were teaching. So
they initiated changes by forming unions. 
• These unions became universities, or
groups of teachers and students devoted
to learning. 
• By the 1200s, universities, headed by
church officials called chancellors, had
spread all through Europe.
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Thomas Aquinas
• Thomas Aquinas was a noted scholar of
the Middle Ages who believed that both faith
and reason were gifts of God. 
• Aquinas wrote a book called Summa
Theologica, or A Summary of Religious
Thought. 
• Aquinas’s teachings were later accepted
and promoted by the Church.
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Section Assessment
Why were cathedral schools
started?
They were started to prepare the
sons of nobles for service in
the Church.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
In what ways were universities
alike?
A chancellor headed each, all had
well-organized courses of study, all
students had to past special tests,
and lecturers had to be 21 years old
and have studied 6 years.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
Why do you think that only specific
subjects were taught at cathedral
schools?
Answers will vary. It is possible that
these subjects were considered ones
that would provide people with a
balanced and well-rounded
education.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 388
of your textbook, and use it to
compare universities in the Middle
Ages with universities today.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
The Crusades
• For hundreds of years, western European
Christians visited shrines in Jerusalem. 
• When, in 1071, a people called Seljuq Turks
conquered Jerusalem, taking control of the
Christian shrines, traveling in Palestine
became difficult for the Christians. 
• The Christians were shocked and angered
by what was happening in the Holy Land. 
• The result was a series of holy wars called
crusades, which lasted about 200 years.
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A Call to War
• Even after taking Palestine, Turkish
armies continued to threaten the
Byzantine Empire. 
• In 1095, Pope Urban II spoke before a
large crowd in the town of Clermont in
eastern France calling for action against
the Turks. 
• His call to action promised crusaders
would be free of debts and taxes and that
God would forgive the sins of those who
died in battle.
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The Peasants’ Crusade
• When Urban II called for a crusade, the
Europeans responded eagerly and adopted
the war cry “Deus vult,” which means, “It is
the will of God.” 
• Urban II wanted the nobles to plan and
lead the crusade. The peasants, however,
grew impatient and formed their own
armies. 
• In the spring of 1096, about 12,000
French peasants began the long journey
to Palestine, and two other groups set out
from Germany.
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The Peasants’ Crusade (cont.)
• The Byzantine emperor, who wanted to rid
his capital of the peasants, gave them
supplies and sent them to fight the Turks in
Asia Minor where they were almost
completely wiped out by Turkish bowmen.
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The Nobles’ Crusade
• In 1097, the nobles set out on an expensive
crusade. 
• About 30,000 crusaders arrived in Asia
Minor, defeated the Turks, and moved south
through the desert to Syria. 
• In 1099, the 12,000 surviving crusaders
captured the Holy City of Jerusalem, killed
Turks, Jews, and Christians alike,
and looted.
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The Kingdom Beyond the Sea
• Many crusaders, who had lost much of their
religious enthusiasm, returned home to
western Europe, and some set up four
feudal kingdoms called Outremer, or “the
kingdom beyond the sea,” in the areas
they won. 
• The crusaders took over the estates of
rich Turkish and Arab Muslims and divided
them among themselves and their best
knights. 
• When the crusaders were not fighting
Turks, they ran their estates, went
hunting, and attended the local court.
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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings
• In 1174, when Saladin, a Muslim military
leader, became the ruler of Egypt, he united
the Muslims throughout the Near East and
started a war against western Crusaders in
Palestine. 
• Saladin’s armies were well organized,
devoted to Islam, and headed by honest
and just leaders called emirs. 
• In 1187, Saladin’s armies took Jerusalem
and refused to massacre the city’s
Christians.
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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings (cont.)
• After Saladin’s victory, the Church urged
another crusade, and western armies
were led by three powerful rulers: King
Richard I of England, Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa of Germany, and King Philip II
Augustus of France. 
• Called the Crusade of Kings, it was a
failure.
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The Loss of an Ideal
• In 1202, Pope Innocent III called for yet
another crusade, and knights went by ship
from the Italian port of Venice. 
• Rich merchants wanted Venice to replace
Constantinople as the eastern
Mediterranean trading center. 
• When the soldiers found they could not
pay all they owed, they agreed to conquer
the city of Zara for the Venetians and
capture Constantinople, which was
burned and looted.
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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)
• The crusaders stayed in Constantinople and
divided the city with the Venetians. 
• Several other crusades were fought
during the 1200s, but the Europeans did
not win any of them. 
• The saddest was the Children’s Crusade
in which French children, led by a peasant
boy named Stephen of Cloyes, set sail
from France, never reached Palestine,
and were sold into slavery.
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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)
• In 1291, the Muslims won the Crusades
by taking the city of Acre, the last
Christian stronghold, and gained back all
the land in Palestine that the crusaders
had taken earlier.
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Effects of the Crusades
• The Crusades affected both the Near East
and western Europe. 
• The Crusades helped to break down
feudalism in western Europe as the desire
for wealth, power, and land clouded the
religious ideals of many western
Europeans. 
• Contact with the cultured Byzantines and
Muslims led western Europeans to again
become interested in learning and to
demand such luxuries as spices, sugar,
lemons, rugs, tapestries, and richly
woven cloth.
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Section Assessment
Why were western Europeans of
all classes of society eager to go
on a crusade?
They felt it was their duty as
Christians to win back the Holy Land;
nobles hoped to acquire more land
and gain glory; and peasants wanted
to escape hard work.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What effect did the Crusades
have on trade?
They led to the opening up of new
trade routes and an increase in trade.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
What do you think was the most
important effect of the Crusades
on the entire civilized world (not
just on western Europe)? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page
396, and use it to support a
generalization about the effect
of the Crusades on feudalism.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• The Roman Catholic Church was the center
of life in Europe during the Middle Ages. 
• Increased wealth led many members of the
clergy to grow careless about their religious
duties, sparking a spirit of reform. 
• During the Middle Ages, monks and friars
worked to win the respect of the people. 
• In 1075, Pope Gregory VII issued a
document placing the power of the Pope
above all kings and feudal lords.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• By the 1200s, students and teachers at
cathedral schools had helped form
universities, which soon spread
throughout Europe. 
• Scholars such as Thomas Aquinas tried to
bring faith and reason together. 
• In 1071, the Seljuq Turks conquered the
Holy Land and took control of the Christian
shrines there.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1095, Pope Urban II agreed to help the
Byzantines against the Turks and called on
the people of western Europe to join in
a crusade. 
• The Nobles’ Crusade of 1097 succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem, but the Christians
could not hold on to the city. 
• Richard the Lionheart, who set out on a
crusade with two other kings, could not
defeat Saladin and signed a truce with him.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1202, crusaders, with the help of the
Venetians, burned and looted
Constantinople. This event badly damaged
the crusading ideal. 
• Even though the Muslims regained all of
Palestine in 1291, the Crusades brought
lasting changes to Europe, including the
end of feudalism.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What role did Church officials play in
the political life of the Middle Ages?
They served as advisers and kept
records for illiterate kings.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did many monks grow
careless about carrying out their
religious duties?
Many monks became careless
because they became wealthy.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why were universities started?
Universities were started because
students complained that teachers
were poor and held few classes, and
untrained people were teaching.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Urban II encourage people
to go on a crusade?
He encouraged people to crusade to
free Jerusalem from the Seljuq Turks,
and to win a chance to regain control
of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What effect did the climate in
Palestine have on the crusaders?
They were not accustomed to the
heat and lack of water. Many died
of thirst.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened during the
Children’s Crusade?
Many of the children were sold into
enslavement, starved to death, or
died from disease.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the split in the Roman
Catholic Church become
permanent?
It became permanent because the
Byzantines were so angry at the
actions of western Europeans in
burning and looting Constantinople.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did the Crusades affect the
power of western Europe’s kings?
They increased the kings’ authority.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What were the advantages and
disadvantages of having Church
leaders run the government during
the Middle Ages?
Answers will vary, but one advantage
was that the Church was a unifying
force. The disadvantage was that
Church officials became wealthy
and corrupt.
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Critical Thinking
What would have been enjoyable
about being a student in a
medieval university?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How would you have responded to
Urban II’s call for a crusade?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How do you think crusaders felt
about settling in Palestine? Explain
your answer.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Geography in History
Movement Soldiers in the Fourth
Crusade sailed from Venice to
Constantinople. About how many
miles long was their voyage? Was
their voyage longer or shorter than it
would have been if they had sailed to
Jerusalem as planned?
Their voyage was about 1,400
miles shorter.
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the answer.
You are a Monk of Cluny faced by an
angry bishop who resents your
activities. Explain your beliefs and
convince the bishop to worship
with you.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
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1071 A.D.
1129 A.D.
1291 A.D.
Seljuq Turks
conquer Jerusalem
Inquisition
begins
Muslims win the
Crusades
1096 A.D.
Start of the
Crusades
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1212 A.D.
Children’s Crusade
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
c. 1122-1204
French Queen
At age 15, Eleanor inherited Aquitaine, a
region in southern France. As one of the
largest land owners in Europe, she married a
French king, Louis VII, and accompanied him
on a crusade. She later married King Henry II
of England and had nine children. One of
them included Richard the Lionheart. While
Richard headed off on a crusade, Eleanor
ruled England in his absence. When Richard
died, she helped put her son John on the
throne. Few doubted Eleanor’s power when
she died at age 82.
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Universities
In Medieval Latin, the word universitas
meant “corporation.” The earliest
universities were given charters to do
business by popes or emperors.
Because teachers depended on their
students’ fees, they had to attract
enough students to earn a living.
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Women in the Crusades
Women responded to the call to
recapture Jerusalem. A Greek historian
wrote of “women dressed as men,
mounted on horses and armed with
lance and battle-axe.” The Pope banned
women from fighting in the Third
Crusade (1189-1192), a decision that the
kings of Europe approved. Women
continued to join the crusades, however,
both as soldiers and as nurses.
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Determining Exact
Location
• Most maps have grids, or patterns of
horizontal and vertical lines that cross
each other. 
• Generally, the horizontal lines are lines of
latitude, and the vertical ones are lines of
longitude. 
• Grids make it easier to determine the exact
location of a place on Earth.
Continued on next slide.
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Determining Exact
Location
• To find a place exactly, it is necessary to find
what lines of latitude and longitude cross at
that place. 
• The point at which they cross is the
exact location. 
• Exact location may be shown by a set of
numbers that list latitude first and then
longitude (30° N, 60° E). 
• Such sets are called coordinates.
Continued on next slide.
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Determining Exact
Location
• Look at the map of “The Crusades” on page
394 of your textbook. 
• Locate the city of Marseilles on the southern
coast of France. 
• The line of latitude that passes through the
city is 43° N. 
• The line of longitude that passes through it
is 5° E. 
• This means that the exact location of
Marseilles is 43° N, 5° E.
Continued on next slide.
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Determining Exact
Location
Study the map on page 394 of your textbook
showing the Crusades. Then answer the questions
that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Determining Exact
Location
What city is located at 32° N, 35° E?
Jerusalem
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Determining Exact
Location
What are the coordinates of Venice’s
location?
45° N, 12° E
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Using the Internet
• Are you one of the many people worldwide
who have learned–or plan to learn–how to
surf the Net? 
• Using the Internet can help you to locate
information on many subjects from many
different sources.
Continued on next slide.
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Using the Internet
• The Internet is a global computer network
that offers many features, including
electronic mail (E-mail), magazine articles,
and online shopping. 
• Before you can connect to the Internet,
however, you must have three things: a
computer, a modem (a device that lets your
computer send and receive data over
telephone lines), and a service provider.
Continued on next slide.
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Using the Internet
• A service provider is a company that, for a
fee, gives you entry to the Internet. 
• Once you are connected, the easiest and
fastest way to access sites and information
is to use a “Web browser,” a program that
lets you view and explore information on the
World Wide Web.
Continued on next slide.
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Using the Internet
• The Web consists of many documents
called “Web Pages,” each of which has its
own address, or Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). Many URLs start with the keystrokes
http:// 
• This chapter talks about the series of
Crusades that took place in the late Middle
Ages. Surf the Internet to learn about these
religious wars from the point of view of both
the Christians and the Muslims. Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Using the Internet
Follow the steps listed below to apply concepts for
using the Internet for research. 
1. Log on to the Internet and access one of the
“search engines” provided by your web
browser, such as Yahoo!, Lycos, or
WebCrawler. (For information designed by
or written for students you own age, check
out this site: http://www.Yahooligans.com)
Continued on next slide.
88
Using the Internet
2. Type in your search words, such as
Crusades, Children’s Crusade, Peasant’s
Crusade, and so on. 
3. Scroll down the list of Web pages that
appears when the search is complete.
Select a page to bring up, and read or print
the page. Repeat the process until you have
enough information to write an account of
the Crusades as they might have been
described by either a Christian or a Muslim.
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