Chapter 7 A View of the Cell
Chapter 7.1
The Discovery of Cells
Hickox: Baker High School
1
Chapter 7 p.170-191 (text)
pp. 68 – 88 (Reading Essentials)
Terms:
•
Organelle
•
Ribosome
•
Cellulose
•
Cell membrane
•
Smooth ER
•
Nucleolus
•
Chloroplast
•
Cell wall
•
Mitochondria
•
Cytoskeleton
•
Vacuole
•
Golgi apparatus
•
Nucleus
•
Rough ER
•
Cytoplasm
Terms:
•
Hooke
•
Schleiden
•
Schwann
•
Virchow
•
van Leeuwenhoek
•
Light microscope
•
SEM
•
TEM
Terms:
•
Eukaryotic
•
Prokaryotic
Hickox: Baker High School
Unit 1
2
Objective 4.0
• Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and
tables.
•Identifying scientists who contributed to the cell theory (Examples: Hooke,
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, van Leeuwenhoek)
•Identify various technologies used to observe cells (Examples: light microscope,
scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope)
•Distinguish between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Core Concept:
Cells have particular structures that underlie their functions. Every cell is
surrounded by a membrane that separates it from the outside world. The cell
membrane encloses the cell and separates the cell interior, called the cytoplasm,
from its surroundings. The cell membrane also regulates what enters and leaves a
cell. Inside the cell is a concentrated mixture of thousands of different molecules
which form a variety of specialized structures that carry out such cell functions as
energy production, transport of molecules, waste disposal, synthesis of new
molecules, and the storage of genetic material Inside the cytoplasm are many
structures, often suspended in a system of microscopic fibers called the
cytoskeleton. All cells have ribosomes. Ribosomes are the cellular structures on
which proteins are made.
Hickox: Baker High School
3
Core Concept: The smallest and simplest cells are prokaryotes. A
prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other
internal compartments. The first cells with internal compartments
were primitive eukaryotic cells. A eukaryote is an organism whose
cells have a nucleus. The nucleus is an internal compartment that
houses the cell’s DNA. Other internal compartments, or organelles,
enable eukaryotic cells to function in ways different from bacteria. An
organelle is a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell.
Core concept:
Progress in science and invention depends heavily on what else is
happening in society, and history often depends on scientific and
technological developments. Science often advances with the
introduction of new technologies. Solving technological
problems often results in new scientific knowledge. New
technologies often extend the current levels of scientific
understanding and introduce
new areas of research.
Hickox: Baker High School
4
A View of the Cell
Hickox: Baker High School
5
The Discovery of Cells
Essential Question: How did the microscope
change everything? ______________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Hickox: Baker High School
6
The Discovery of Cells
1. The invention of the microscope changed
everything.
2. Before the microscope people believed that
diseases were caused by curses and supernatural
spirits.
3. The microscope opened up a whole new world,
scientists were able to view and study cells.
4._________ are the basic units of living organisms.
5. In the 1600’s van Leeuwenhoek used a simple
light microscope.(one lens, natural light)
6. Today we use the ___________ __light
microscope (multiple/series of lenses)
Hickox: Baker High School
7
p. 68
Cork cells
“Cells are the (7.)basic units of all forms of life”
Identification of Cells:
COMPOUND LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
8. Plant tissue (cork) –
Robert Hooke, 1665
9. Animal tissue
(van Leeuwenhoek, 1674)
10. All plants and animals are
composed of cells was a
theory proposed by:
( Schleiden and Schwann )
Hickox: Baker High School
8
The Discovery of Cells (p. 68)
• Schleiden, in 1830, a German scientist studied plants
and concluded: “All plants are composed of cells”.
In 1838 Schleiden proposed that all (11) plants
are composed of cells; together with his friend
Theodor Schwann , with Schleiden formulated
the (12) cell theory of life. Schleiden also found
that certain fungi live on or within the roots of
some plants. This relationship between fungi and
plants, called (13) mycorrhiza.
In 1839 Schwann proposed that all organisms
are composed of cells.
Schwann, made similar observations on animals.
Schleiden and Schwann developed one of the important
theories in Biology, the (14) ______________ theory.
Hickox: Baker High School
9
The Discovery of Cells (p. 68)
15. Robert Hooke used a compound light
microscope and looked at cork from oak trees,
called the structures __________, because they
looked like small rooms in monastery.
16. The _________ microscope does not use light
but a beam of electrons.
17. Can magnify structures up to _________
times
18. There are three types of electron
microscopes:
Hickox: Baker High School
10
What is cell theory? (p.69)
• Schleiden, and Schwann, and other scientists
led to the cell theory.
1. All living things are made of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
3. All cells come from other cells.
Hickox: Baker High School
11
Two Basic Cell Types
Essential Question: ? How are prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells similar and different?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Hickox: Baker High School
12
The Discovery of Cells
THE TWO BASIC CELL TYPES (p. 69)
1) Those with membrane bound structures
called ____________. The cell type that
have organelles that are surrounded by
membranes are called _____________
Video:
eukaryotic
cells
cells.
Video: Introductory to cells
Hickox: Baker High School
13
THE TWO BASIC
(p. 69) CELL TYPES
2) Those with out a membrane
surrounding the organelles
• Cells of most unicellular
organisms, such as __________, are
__________________.
• Most multi-cellular organisms
are eukaryotic.
• Some eukaryotic are single cell organism, an
example is yeast.
Hickox: Baker High School
14
Video: Prokaryotic cells
The Discovery of Cells
Video: Nucleus
• Central organelle (little organ) is called a
____________ that controls all of the
cell’s activities. This is found in Eukaryotic
cells.
• Prokaryotes cells
like, bacteria do not
have a nucleus,
but both have DNA.
Hickox: Baker High School
15
A (3)prokaryotic cell does not have internal organelles
surrounded by a ____________.
membrane Most of a prokaryote’s
metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm.
2. DNA
1. Ribosomes
3. Plasma membrane
4. Cell wall
5. Flagella
Hickox: Baker High School
This eukaryotic cell from an(4) animal or
plant has distinct membrane-bound organelles
that allow different parts of the cell to perform
different functions.
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Chromosomes
4. Plasma membrane
5. Organelles
17
Hickox: Baker High School
Organelles of a cell: Draw on separate sheet
of paper
G.
D.
L.
K.
J.
E.
I.
M.
A.
H.
Figure 7-6
C.
B.
Cell Alive Web Site
• http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell
Chapter 7.2
The PLASMA MEMBRANE
Hickox: Baker High School
20
The Discovery of Cells
MAINTAINING A BALANCE (copy p. 71)
1. All living cells must maintain a balance
regardless of internal and external conditions or
Else! This balance is called
________________
2. The _______________ is the flexible boundary
of a cell that separates the cell from its
surroundings. It allows nutrients to enter and
waste to be removed. This balance is called
___________.
Hickox: Baker High School
21
Maintaining a Balance (p. 71)
3. The plasma membrane maintains homeostasis
by a process that allows some molecules into
the cell and keeps others out.
4. This is called ___________ ____________.
5. Some molecules, such as water freely enter.
Other molecules are only admitted at certain
times and in limited amounts. Others are not
allowed at all.
Hickox: Baker High School
22
Plasma
Membrane
Water
Hickox: Baker High School
23
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Structure of the Plasma Membrane (p. 71)
6. Lipids or fats are a large molecules.
Phospholipids are made of glycerol, two fatty
acids, and a phosphate group
7. The plasma membrane
is composed of a
phospholipid _________.
8. The bilayer has two
layers of phospholipids
back to back.
Hickox: Baker High School
24
Phosphate
Group
Glycerol
Backbone
The lipids in a
plasma membrane
have a glycerol
backbone, two
fatty acid chains,
and a phosphate
group.
Two Fatty
Acid
Chains
Hickox: Baker High School
25
The Phospholipid Bilayer (p. 72)
The phosphate group is
pointing out and is polar.
The polar heads face out
and the non-polar tails
face in A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Hickox: Baker High School
26
Two Basic Cell Types
Essential Question: What is so important about the
Fluid Mosaic Model?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Hickox: Baker High School
27
The phospholipid bilayer
9. Water is the key component in living organisms,
inside and out.
• What makes this bilayer work is the outer structures
are water friendly (solubility) on the outsides of the
membrane.
The fatty acid tails are 10. not water friendly and water
will not pass easily through.
11. Think of it like fat and water mixed together, they
don’t easily mix.
12. Other molecules that are water soluble also have
difficulty moving through.
Hickox: Baker High School
28
Lipid Bilayer is a Fluid Mosaic Model (p.72)
• It is fluid because the phospholipids 13. move
within the membrane
14. Transport proteins also move along
phospholipids.
15. Cholesterol helps to stabilize the phospholipids,
preventing tails sticking together.
• Proteins help form the selectively permeable that
16. regulates which molecules enter and which
molecules leave a cell.
Hickox: Baker High School
29
Fluid Mosaic Model (p.72)
• Proteins that span the entire width of the bilayer
are called 17. _____________ proteins.
• These proteins move needed substances or waste
materials through the plasma membrane.
• Other proteins stick out of the plasma membrane
and help protect from infection.
(write into notes)
• If the movement goes against natural flow, it is
called 18. __________ transport. It the movement
goes with natural flow it is called 19. __________
transport
Hickox: Baker High School
30
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Hickox: Baker High School
31
Crossing Plasma Membrane
Hickox: Baker High School
32
Diffusion
20. Diffusion - Movement of molecules from a
higher to a lower concentration until
equilibrium is reached.
– Down concentration gradient
20. A solution contains a solute (solid) and a
solvent (liquid).
Hickox: Baker High School
33
Diffusion
Hickox: Baker High School
34
Osmosis
21. Osmosis - Diffusion of water across a
differentially (selectively) permeable
membrane due to concentration differences.
– Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops
due to osmosis.
• The greater the osmotic pressure, the more likely water
will diffuse in that direction.
Hickox: Baker High School
35
Osmosis
Hickox: Baker High School
36
Osmosis
22. Isotonic Solution - Solute and water
concentrations both inside and outside the
membrane are equal.
23. Hypotonic Solution - Solution with a lower
concentration of solute than the solution on
the other side of the membrane.
– Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell are
called 24. Lysis
Hickox: Baker High School
37
Osmosis
24. Hypertonic Solution - Solution with a higher
concentration of solute than the solution on
the other side of the membrane.
– Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink are
called:
25. Plasmolysis
Hickox: Baker High School
38
Transport by Carrier Proteins
Proteins are use to move particles against
the natural flow in a process called
26. Active Transport
Hickox: Baker High School
39
Membrane-Assisted Transport
27. Exocytosis – Waste products moved out of a cell
from a vesicle.
Hickox: Baker High School
40
28. EndocytosisFood brought
into a cell.
Hickox: Baker High School
41
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell
Chapter 7.3
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Hickox: Baker High School
42
Nucleus and cell control
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear
Envelope
Hickox: Baker High School
43
The Nucleus
NUCLEAR
PORES
NUCLEOLUS
Largest (29) Organelle in the Cell
Surrounded by a double membrane 
(30) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Contains chromosomes in the form of
(31) CHROMATIN  contain (32) DNA
Hickox: Baker High School
44 7.1
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3
Cellular Boundaries (p. 74)
Remember: The fluid mosaic model describes the
plasma membrane as a (34) flexible boundary.
In plants cells, fungi, bacteria and some protists have
an additional boundary, the (35) ______ _______.
Cell Wall
Fairly (36) rigid structure located (37) outside the
plasma membrane
Provides additional (38) support and (39)protection
Hickox: Baker High School
45
The cell wall
The (40) cell wall is
a fairly rigid
structure located
(41) outside the
plasma membrane
that provides
additional support
and protection.
Video: cell wall and
cell membrane
Hickox: Baker High School
46
Cell Walls in Plants
• Cell wall is made of
(42) cellulose
Letter “e”
Lab, cellulose in
paper
•
Hickox: Baker High School
47
The Discovery of Cells
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3
Cellular Boundaries
Cell membranes are(43)
flexible,(44) selectively
permeable structures, cell
membranes
are composed of (45)
phospholipid bilayer with
protein structures to transport
non-soluble structure through
the membrane.
Inside of
cell
Hickox: Baker High School
Plasma
membrane
Outside
of cell
48
The Discovery of Cells
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3
Chromatin
The Nucleus and Cell Control (p.74)
• Contains the directions to make
(46)_________.
• Proteins are needed throughout
the cell and the nucleus controls
the blue print to make these proteins.
• The master set of directions for making the
proteins in contained in (47) __________
• Chromatin are strands of the genetic
material, (48)________.
Hickox: Baker High School
49
Two Basic Cell Types
Essential Question: The cell operates like a little
factory with small organs. Name some of these
organelles and their functions.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Hickox: Baker High School
50
Chromatin and Chromosomes
(49) Chromatin are granular material visible in
nucleus and contains (50)DNA bound up with protein
During cell division the chromatin condenses to form
(51)Chromosomes which are distinct threadlike
structures containing the genetic information.
Hickox: Baker High School
51
How the Information, to make proteins gets from the
nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis (Ribosomes)
Hickox: Baker High School
52
The Discovery of Cells
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3
•
•
•
•
•
When a cell divides- (p. 74)
The chromatin condenses to form
(52)_____________.
Within the nucleus is a prominent
organelle called the (53)___________.
The function of the nucleolus is to make
(54) __________.
Ribosomes are sites where proteins are
manufactured according to the directions
of DNA.
Ribosomes are not membrane bound.
Hickox: Baker High School
53
Assembly, Transport, and Storage 7.3
Ribosomes are made of (55) _____ and
proteins. They are not bound by a
membrane
For proteins to be made, ribosomes must
leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm
and DNA must be (56)________
into RNA.
(57)___________ is the clear, gelatinous fluid
inside the cell. Ribosomes and translated
RNA are transported to the cytoplasm
through the nuclear envelope.
Hickox: Baker High School
54
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes
Hickox: Baker High School
55
Ribosomes (video: making proteins)
• Composed of large and small subunits that are
used in (58) protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are made in (59) nucleolus of the
nucleus and are transported through the nuclear
pores to the ER. (The places of chemical activity
or highway system)
• Occur singly and in groups,
and may become attached to
endoplasmic reticulum.
Hickox: Baker High School
56
The Discovery of Cells
Eukaryotic Cell Structure 7.3
• The nuclear envelope is a structure that
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Assembly, Transport, and Storage (p. 75)
The cytoplasm suspends the cell’s organelles.
• The cell’s site of chemical reactions is the (60)
___________________ or the _______
(61)__________ are attached to surface of ER.
• Areas of the ER that do not have ribosomes is the
(62)__________ ER.
Hickox: Baker High School
57
Video: Endoplasmic reticulum
Hickox: Baker High School
58
Click protein
Assembly, Transport, and Storage 7.3
• The ribosome’s job is to make (63) proteins.
• Each protein has a particular (64) function.
–May be proteins that form part of plasma
membrane
–or protein released from the cell
–or protein floating around in cytoplasm
Ribosomes on Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Hickox: Baker High School
59
Hickox: Baker High School
60
Golgi Apparatus: sorts
proteins into packages
Packages packs into
membrane bound
structures called vesicles
Hickox: Baker High School
61
Golgi apparatus
Hickox: Baker High School
Video: Golgi
apparatus
62
Vacuoles and storage
•
•
•
•
• Vacuoles
Click for
video!
Mostly only found in (65) plant cells
Cells have membrane – bound compartments,
called(66) vacuoles, for (67) temporary storage
of materials.
The storage for (68) food, enzyme, and water
• Lysosomes
Organelles that contain (69) digestive enzymes
that digestive excess or worn out particles.
Hickox: Baker High School
63
• Lysosomes
– Membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the (70) Golgi
apparatus and are filled with enzymes.
– Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
– Break down old (71) organelles that have outlived their
usefulness
– Remove debris
Hickox: Baker High School
64
Vacuole
Hickox: Baker High School
65
Vacuoles and storage
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for
temporary storage of materials. Notice the
difference between vacuoles in plant and animal
cells.
Animal
Cell
Vacuole
Hickox: Baker High School
Plant
Cell
66
Energy Transformer
• Located in the cells of green plants are (72)
_____________. These organelles capture
light energy and convert it to chemical
energy.
• Within the chloroplast are membrane
structure that trap the sunlight called (73)
______________.
• Stacks of these structures
are called (74) _________.
Hickox: Baker High School
67
Chlorophyll
• Contain green pigment that traps light energy
and gives leaves their green color
Mitochondria and Energy
• Chemical energy generated in chloroplasts, is
stored in bonds of sugar until broken down in
(75) ______________.
Click for
• “Energy Houses”
video!
Hickox: Baker High School
68
Organelles for Support and
Locomotion
• Cells have a support structure called the
(76)_____________
• Forms a framework for the cell like the skeleton
for our body.
• Contains tiny rods and filaments called (77)
______________, thin hollow cylinders
• Smaller solid protein fibers that act as scaffolds
are called: (78)
________________
Hickox: Baker High School
69
Cilia & Flagella
(79) CILIA and (80) FLAGELLA
Hickox: Baker High School
70
Cytoskeleton
Section 7-3
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Michondrion
Hickox: Baker High School
71
Euglena
Go to file and play
video!
Hickox: Baker High School
72
Plant Cell Anatomy
Hickox: Baker High School
73
7.3 What’s Inside the Cell
Hickox: Baker High School
74
7.2 What’s Inside the Cell
Aa
a
a
a
a
a
a
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
a
Hickox: Baker High School
75
Comparing Cells ( yes or no for each)
Structure
_________
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Animal
Plant
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Hickox: Baker High School
76
Comparing Cells (copy chart into notes)
Structure
_________
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cell Wall
Yes
No
Yes
Nucleus
No
Yes
Yes
Ribosomes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
No
Yes
Yes
Golgi Apparatus
No
Yes
Yes
Lysosomes
No
Small or None
Yes
Mitochondria
No
Yes
Yes
Chloroplasts
No
No
Yes
Cytoskeleton
No
Yes
Yes
Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Animal
Plant
Hickox: Baker High School
77
Cell Structures 7 - 3
Hickox: Baker High School
78
Figure 7.6 The plasma membrane
Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell
1.
17.
4.
2.
3.
15.
16.
14.
13.
5.
6.
7.
8.
12.
11.
10.
9.
18., 19.
Figure 7.8 Overview of a plant cell
11.
15.
12.
13.
1.
14.
2.
3.
10.
5.
10.
6.
9.
6., 7., 8.
Figure 7.9 The nucleus and its envelope
Figure 7.x1 Nuclei and F-actin in BPAEC cells
Figure 7.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Figure 7.12 The Golgi apparatus