 Section
2

System of manufacturing a large number of identical
goods.
• Division of labor-a type of mass production
 division of the manufacturing process into a series of separate tasks.
 Worker is very skilled in one task
 Quality improves.
 requires fewer workers
 Workers get bored and not focused on task makes more errors
 Worker satisfaction declines
• System of interchangeable parts
 type of mass production
 Less innovation
• Assembly line
 conveyor belt carried the product to each worker
 saved energy
 increased productivity
 Worker satisfaction declines
 More errors
 Henry
Bessemer process leads to….
• Cheaper better steel
 Madame
Curie radium extraction leads to….
• Xray
 Henry
Ford’s use of Assembly line
• Cheaper cars accessible to common man
 Interchangeable

parts..
• Faster and cheaper weapons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_processe
s

Technological innovations
• steam engine, interchangeable parts, advances in metallurgy
• Leads to next level in IR

creation of rapid transport and communications
• railways, steamships, telegraph

promoted mass marketing techniques
• Jingoistic coupling with techniques


series of basic economic changes
•
•
•
•
•
Urbanization
factory system
improvements in banking
tendency to larger businesses
new marketing devices.
•
•
•
•
movement from rural to urban
decline in working conditions
constraints on popular leisure
greater emphasis on family life
Social changes





Provokes growing demand for manufactured
commodities
Provokes shift in a nation’s economy away from
agriculture
Provokes rapid demographic change
• Decline in both birth and death rates
Improves general standard of living but does not improve
distribution of wealth
• Often causes increase in gap between rich and poor
Middle class has leisure time
• New parks are built
• New sports
• New cultural outlets such as opera, plays, music sheets
for the common man, later cinema
• Department stores
 Greater availability of goods
 Society
 Industrial Families
 Men at Work and Play
 Women at Home and Work
 Child Labor
 Rise of Middle Class
• More domestic
• Delay of marriage “expectations”
 Class
Struggle in Urban areas
• Proletariat
 Factory workers
 Blue collar workers
Thomas Malthus on Population
“It may be safely pronounced,
therefore, that population, when
unchecked, goes on doubling itself
every twenty-five years, or increases
in a geometrical ratio...”
- Thomas R. Malthus, An Essay on
Population
Economic and Social Philosophy
Socialist Challenge
Utopian Socialists
Marx and Engels
• The Communist Manifesto
Published February 1, 1848
• Marx later wrote Das Kapital
Social
Reform
Trade Unions
“The advance of industry, whose involuntary
promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the
isolation of the labourers, due to competition,
by their revolutionary combination, due to
association… What the bourgeoisie, therefore,
produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers.”
- Manifesto of the Communist Party
Frederich Engles
Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Das Kapital
& Communist Manifesto



Said based on scientific analysis of history
therefore coined as scientific socialism
difference between the cost of production
(wages and material) and the market price is
the surplus value, of which those who own the
means of production (capitalists) rob those who
produce (the proletariat)
Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) thought that the
state was the cause of man’s problems because
it was run mostly by the class not producing.
He proposed eliminating the state and run it
through “committee” or collectivization of
resources
› This combination is the route of the changes in
Marxist theory and becomes what is known as
communism
 Suez
and Panama canals
• Suez canal allowed ships to go through the
easter Mediterranean into the Red Sea
• Panama canal allowed ships who were sailing
from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean to pass
through the Caribbean, instead of going around
South America
 Competition
caused prices to level out
worldwide
 The gold standard
 European
population growth
 American population growth
 European emigrants
 Asian emigrants
 19th
century
birthrates
eventually decline
but so did death
rates
 Pop. of Europe went
from 188 million in
1800 to 432 million
in 1900
 1815-1932 60 million
left Europe




1914: 38% of world’s
total population was of
European origin
1/3 of migrants came
from British Isles from
1840-1920
German migrants in
1850s and 1880s
Italians migrated too in
large numbers
 How
to get the resources
• Empire building
 Exploitation
or advancement
 Tariffs and immigration laws
 North South divide
 Demographic transition
 The
first functional sewing machine was
invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy
Thimonnier, in 1830. In 1834, Walter Hunt
built America's first (somewhat) successful
sewing machine.
 Elias Howe patented the first lockstitch
sewing machine in 1846. Isaac Singer
invented the up-and-down motion
mechanism.
 In 1857, James Gibbs patented the first
chain-stitch single-thread sewing machine.
 Helen Augusta Blanchard patented the first
zig-zag stitch machine in 1873.
 1873
 Remington
 1893
 1905
 1913
 1800
Alexandra Voltra of Italy
 In 1831, English scientist Michael
Faraday discovered that moving a
magnet through a coil of copper
caused an electric current. This
discovery led to the development of
the first electric generator and the
use of electricity.
 Alessandro Volta
 1800
first copper zinc battery
 In
1814, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
created the first photographic image with
a camera obscura, however, the image
required eight hours of light exposure
and later faded.
 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre is
considered the inventor of the first
practical process of photography in 1837.
 In
1769, the very first self-propelled road
vehicle was invented by French mechanic,
Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
 However, it was a steam-powered model. In
1885, Karl Benz designed and built the world's
first practical automobile to be powered by an
internal-combustion engine.
 In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler took the internal
combustion engine a step further and patented
what is generally recognized as the prototype of
the modern gas engine and later built the
world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.
 In
1884, Paul Nipkow sent images over
wires using a rotating metal disk
technology with 18 lines of resolution.
 Television then evolved along two paths,
mechanical based on Nipkow's rotating
disks, and electronic based on the cathode
ray tube. American Charles Jenkins and
Scotsman John Baird followed the
mechanical model while Philo Farnsworth,
working independently in San Francisco,
and Russian émigré Vladimir Zworkin,
working for Westinghouse and later RCA,
advanced the electronic model.






1927 first demonstrated
March 1935 1st commercial
broadcast by German
postal service
1937
18 experimental stations in
US
July 1, 1941 NBC was the
first with a commercial
broadcast
1950 color TV