Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 10

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Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Module 10

Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Operant Conditioning

– the consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future

– BICOC (behavior is contingent on consequences)

– Goal-directed behavior

Goal: increase or decrease the rate of some response

– Voluntary/emitted/performed response

• Edward Lee Thorndike (cats in the puzzle box)

Law of Effect-behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened

• Burrhus Frederic Skinner (Skinner box/rats)

– Invented the Air Crib and a Pigeon-guided missile

Thorndike states a general principle-Skinner explained how it worked and provided a way to measure

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Skinner Box

• Principles and procedures

– Skinner box

– automated to record the animal’s bar presses and deliver food pellets

– an efficient way to study how an animal’s ongoing behaviors may be modified by changing the consequences of what happens after a bar press

– 3 factors in operant conditioning of a rat

1. a hungry rat will be more willing to eat the food reward

2. operant response: condition the rat to press the bar

3. shaping : procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches p215 SKINNER BOX

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)

• Shaping (facing, touching, then pressing the bar)

– Facing the bar

• rat is put in box.

• when rat finally faces the bar, food pellet is released

• rat sniffs the food pellet

– Touching the bar

• rat faces and moves towards the bar

• another pellet is released.

• Rat eats then wanders. Returning to sniff for a pellet, another pellet is dropped into the cup.

Rat places a paw on the bar and another pellet is released.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)

• Shaping

– Pressing the bar

• When rat touches bar pellet is released. Rat eats and then puts paws back on bar and gets another pellet. Wait for rat to now push bar then release pellet.

• Rat soon presses bar over and over again to get pellets.

• Rat’s behavior was reinforced as the rat leads up to, or approximates, the desired behavior of bar pressing

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Virtual Rat

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Operant conditioning in the classroom

• Hot, hot…cold, cold activity

• Need one volunteer to step out of class for a moment

• Class chooses a behavior

• Volunteer returns

• Class shapes volunteer’s behavior by stating

“HOT, HOT” or “COLD, COLD”

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)

• Immediate reinforcement

– reinforcer should follow immediately after the desired behavior

– if reinforcer is delayed, the animal may be reinforced for some undesired or superstitious behavior

• Superstitious behavior

– behavior that increases in frequency because its occurrence is accidentally paired with the delivery of a reinforcer

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

OPERANT CONDITIONING (CONT.)

• Examples of operant conditioning

– Toilet training, food refusal, increasing study

• target behavior

• preparation

• reinforcers

• shaping

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

REINFORCERS (CONT.)

• Consequences

– consequences are contingent on behavior

• Reinforcement

– consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chance that the behavior will occur again

• Punishment

– consequence that occurs after a behavior and decreases the chance that the behavior will occur again

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

REINFORCERS (CONT.)

• Reinforcement

– Positive reinforcement

• refers to the presentation of a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur again

– Negative reinforcement

• refers to an aversive stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Reinforcement & Punishment

Positive Reinforcement Negative Punishment

Reinforcement = increases behavior

Punishment = decreases behavior

Positive = giving / adding to

Negative = taking away

Positive Punishment Negative Reinforcement

1.

A child swears and is spanked.

2.

A person takes an aspirin to get rid of a headache.

3.

A teenager is put on restriction for taking the car without asking.

4.

A student studies and gets an A.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Reinforcement = increases behavior

Punishment = decreases behavior

Positive = giving / adding to

Negative = taking away

Positive Reinforcement Negative Punishment

A Take-away

Positive Punishment

Spanking

Negative Reinforcement

Aspirin

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

REINFORCERS (CONT.)

• Reinforcers

– Primary reinforcers

• stimulus such as food, water, or sex , that is innate ly satisfying and requires no learning on the part of the subject to become pleasurable

– Secondary reinforcers

• any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing power through experience; secondary reinforcers are learned , such as by being paired with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers ( Examples : coupons, money, grades, praise, pizza party, etc.)

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

REINFORCERS (CONT.)

• Punishment

– Positive punishment

• refers to presenting an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus after a response

– Negative punishment

• refers to removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

Cognitive Learning

• Cognitive learning

– involves mental processes, such as attention and memory

Albert Bandura (Bobo doll)

– children who had watched the film of an adult modeling aggressive behavior played more aggressively than children who had not seen the film

– learning through observation or imitation

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

COGNITIVE LEARNING

• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning

– against: B. F. Skinner

– Skinner said, “As far as I’m concerned, cognitive science is the creationism (downfall) of psychology”.

– in favor: Edward Tolman

– explored hidden mental processes

– cognitive map: a mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its features

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)

• Three viewpoints of cognitive learning

– in favor: Albert Bandura

– Bandura focused on how humans learn through observing things

• Social cognitive learning theory

– results from watching, and modeling and does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive any observable reward

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)

• Four processes: Attention, Memory, Imitation,

Motivation

– Attention

• observer must pay attention to what the model says or does

– Memory

• observer must store or remember the information so that it can be retrieved and used later

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)

• Bandura’s social cognitive theory

• Four processes (cont.)

– Imitation

• observer must be able to use the remembered information to guide his or her own actions and thus imitate the model’s behavior

– Motivation

• observer must have some reason or incentive to imitate the model’s behavior.

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

COGNITIVE LEARNING (CONT.)

• Insight learning

– Insight

• a mental process marked by the sudden and expected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.

• Thorndike tried to show cats learned through insight

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

Module 10: Operant & Cognitive Approaches

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

• Definition

– Biological factors

• refer to innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning

– Imprinting

• refers to inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment

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