Social Impacts of
Industrialization
Click to edit Master subtitle style
By Huzefa Moiz
Date: 12/18/12
Per. 5
AP EURO
The Factory
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The factory was seen as a symbol of the power
of steam and of technology in this era of
industrialization.
Hundreds of employees carried out their jobs
under one roof . For example, the average
amount of workers in Manchester cotton
factories was three hundred employees.
Factories in this time period also worked to
symbolize several things including the power
of capital and the ability to reconstruct and
reform cities at impossible speeds.
Textile factories thrived in this new world
because of the sheer number of workers that
had previously worked on weaving and
spinning at home. A large part of population
was attracted to this new textile factory
business.
It was risky to invest in factories because of all
the demands that it provides such as the need
for buildings, machinery, and raw materials.
As production (shown to right) increases, so
does the number of factories
Factory Life
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Factory life was brutal in the industrial revolution. Workers followed a strict
schedule and started at either 5:30 or 6:00 clock in the morning and worked
thereafter for 12 hours including accumulated meal times and recesses.
Efficiency of these factories were disrupted by the high chance of drunkenness
from workers. These workers in turn caused problems with the machines and
the overall running ability of the factory.
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High level of drunkenness may have in part led to temperance movement
Insolent behavior resulted in expensive fines which could come about from
whistling, talking, or for flawed work. Sometimes foremen relied on whips to
discipline the workers.
Bad etiquette flowing through the workers was solely treated through more
and more discipline.
Also terrible pollution from exhaust, smog and chemicals from work and
machines
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Causes high rate of diseases, especially lung (iron lung, coal lung, etc.), in
factories
Factory Life
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The masters in their crafts were able to maintain a higher standard of
living in the factories.
These included masons, tanners, bakers, and steam-engine makers who
were the main political voice in terms of factorial reforms.
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Although they fought in the name of factories, they were actually
referring to their own rights because they looked down upon simple
factory workers.
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“Productive class” according to Adam Smith
“Unproductive class”
Their work allowed for improved conditions in factories quite
significantly through legislative acts that regulated working hours and
called for new codes on hygiene and safety.
Differentiation
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Differentiation can be defined as the growth of specialization
throughout groups and institutions and this was quite apparent in
the 19th century.
Social structure changed in that it became less relevant. For
instance, governmental affairs were answered through calculation
rather than through social status.
This principle caused the conflicts between several aspects of the
nation including national law or local custom and centralizing
bureaucracies and local autonomy.
The appearance of agencies came around this time and they
managed governmental tasks such as collecting taxes and
administering welfare.
Family and Traditional Roles
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The importance of the family seems to have been brought up during the time
of the industrial revolution and is attributed to a real response to stress.
Families in Europe have always been based upon social status.
The aristocracy was wealthy and tightly connected with relatives of similar
social class.
Father holds patriarchal stance at head of family that runs things through the
family and puts food on the table
Women were still seen as lesser beings, but did play a crucial role in foreign
affairs. Especially those having to do with joining royal families.
Peasants owned land of their own and if their estates were large enough they
would share it with one of their relatives.
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It was also possible for other extended family members to live on nearby
plots of land.
The Peasant Life
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Children were held responsible for taking
care of simpler chores such as tending the
livestock. It was usually taking care of the
smaller animals.
Men were always occupied because of the
grueling labor that they had to put up with.
They were responsible for the heavier lifting
and strength required jobs.
Women were able to make considerable
strides in their own respects. They were
often able to make excess money by taking
up jobs at the mill or in domestic services.
Men traveled long distances to find work
and these occupations usually included
areas such as those at the docks, roads, and
royal estates.
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Urban population increases dramatically
Population increases led to children being
forced out of their homes and sent to nearby
towns and mills to be employed.
The Impact of
Industrialization
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The middle classes composed of artisans, masons, and other masters of
crafting arts.
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Their children were often taught new trades from other masters because
joining an urban life was encouraged if wages permitted.
Surprisingly, fathers equipped with only pre-industrial skills stayed at
home and cared for household chores while their children and wives
earned wages.
Women and children suffered long hours of labor and were not really
close to reforms because sexual barriers did not allow this for many years
to come.
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Benefited most from Industrial Revolution
Children specifically viewed as burdens on families unless put to labor
on hard jobs unadjusted to their age or ability
Major social issues of the time comprised of the fear of unemployment,
household conflicts, and the harsh conditions of factory and farm life.
Middle-Class Women
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The status of women changed during this time period because
they actually worked and made wages.
France as compared to other countries saw lower to middle class
women as possibly more important in shops and stores.
There was a fine line between the middle class women and lower
class women and the roles of the mother and wife signified the
social status of a women.
Middle class women were in a stable state in which they did not
suffer from poverty or from the cruel politics of the era.
Women still did not have full equality as women of all classes
were obligated to clean dishes, wash clothes, and cook meals.
Only those women who had servants to do these chores were
free from these obligations.
Moral Seriousness
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The occupation of a middle class women as a
solitary household caretaker was highly
honored.
Women were responsible for the education of
their children and were at the center of their
elaborate training to become adults.
Childhood usually lasted longer in the middle
class because of the extensive training it took
to become fully prepared for the world.
Women of the middle class were shut off from
the world and there was a lack of
independence even through some reforms.
Many were moved by the changes in society
and a writer named Thomas Bowdler wrote a
play based on a Shakespearean model
describing the new family status in society.
During this time there was a call for higher
discipline and morality as drunkenness and
prostitution had reached new levels.
Living Conditions
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As seen previously in the past, the standard
of living for the poor has always decreased
when the upper and/or middle classes
rises.
Workers could not afford to rebel because
they heavily relied on their employers to
supply the small income needed to care for
their families.
Overcrowding was a major issue for the
lower class. Towns with factories quickly
filled up with people looking for work and
overpopulation caused several problems.
Some of these problems included sewage
issues, single room houses for an entire
family, and one unreliable water source for
hundreds of people.
Disease was a recurring problem and
spread easily in mines and cotton mills
where the air was unclean and inhaled by
the workers everyday. Diseases such as
tuberculosis spread rapidly in this time
period.
Living Conditions
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Employers usually hired around 150 to 300 workers who were
easily disposed of if new and more efficient opportunities
presented themselves.
Bread was the center of a families diet and starvation usually
followed without it because most other foods were too expensive
or unavailable.
About a third of the population of men in towns were
unemployed and this was common during the winter.
Depressions such as those in the 1840’s and 1850’s further
worsened the situation of the lower class.
Unemployment skyrocketed during the 1860’s due to the
American Civil War and large masses of people during that time
lived solely off of relief.
Purchasing Power
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It might be surprising but some places in Europe saw a rise in their overall wages.
Upper class foods such as meat and sugar became somewhat available to the lower
classes and became definitely available to the middle classes, symbolizing their
prosperity and overall benefit from the Industrial Revolution.
Reforms in living conditions took place which included the use of soap and the
wearing of cotton underwear.
Brick construction and the addition of iron pipes into buildings allowed for
bettering conditions of the poor.
Factories of alcohol questioned whether or not to meet the demand for alcohol
because of the danger of such a high percent of the population being frequently
drunk.
Luddites Revolts
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Britain dominated the Industrial Revolution,
but suffered severe opposition.
This was revolt in the early 19th century
concerning the fall of the industrial
revolution.
The movement was led by General Ned Ludd
and his army of redressers who adopted a
moral code known as luddism.
Factory owners received threats from this
group and even some were murdered
including William Horsfall who owned a
large mill near Yorkshire.
This movement took storm in England and
mainly involved the destruction of factories
and large mills.
The government reacted swiftly and
effectively by creating laws that incriminated
the Luddites and by offering money in
exchange for information concerning the
Luddites.
Reforms Due to the Industrial
Revolution
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Several reforms arose during this period
concerning factory conditions.
The main reforms had to do with working
hours such as the Health and Morals of
Apprentices Act which called for a maximum
of 12 hours of work a day and no night shifts
allowed.
Over time the work hours lessened and
lessened and dropped to 10 hours for men.
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Factory Act (shown to right)
By the 1840’s, children received several reforms
having to do with working hours and these
included a six and a half hour working day for
children under thirteen. Children under age
eight were not permitted to be hired.
Factories were encouraged by the government
because of the new form of economy called
laissez-faire economics, which encouraged the
individual entity to be free in the economic
realm from government intervention.
Bibliography
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Thank You
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I’d like to thank you for looking at my
presentation even if I do get a zero on it.
I think it is a helpful tool because it
summarizes my section pretty well and tells
the viewpoints of the different classes of society
during the Industrial Revolution.
Once again thank you for taking the time to
look at my presentation.