Mav Mark 8/25/11
 http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensc
i.html
 Safety Picture 1
Mav Mark 8/26/11
 http://sciencespot.net/Pages/startersgensc
i.html
 Safety picture 2
Mav Mark 8/29/11
Write question.
 List
5 safety rules that you can think of
when performing an experiment.
Mav Mark 8/31/11

1. What is the longest bone in the body?
2. What is botany?
3. How long does it take for the earth to make a
complete orbit around the sun?
4. How many legs does a spider have? How many legs
does an insect have?
5. What scientist is associated with the equation E =
mc2?
6. What is the scientific name for a human?
7. Where does a panda bear live?
8. What is the molecular formula for water?
9. What are the colors of the rainbow?
10. Name all of the planets in the solar system, starting
with the one closest to the sun.
Mav Mark 8/31/11
 List
and explain 3 similarities that exist
between all cells.
Mav Mark 9/1/11
 Explain
the benefits of prokaryotic
organisms.
Mav Mark 9/2/11
 Compare
and contrast Eukaryotes and
Prokaryotes.
Mav Mark 9/6/11
 What
are the three structures found in
plant cells that are missing in animal cells?
Mav Mark 9/7/11
Match the following!
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Control Center of
Cell
Support and
structure
Breaks down waste
Protein synthesis
Separates cell from
environment
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Ribosome
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Mav Mark 9/8/11
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Largest and most
visible organelle
Manufactures lipids
Hereditary Material
in a cell
Smallest and most
abundant organelle
Organized structures
of DNA
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
DNA
Nucleus
Chromosome
Ribosome
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mav Mark 9/9/11
 Test


Day
Sharpen pencil
Clear desk
The Cell & Organization
of Life
2011-2012
History & Definition
 First
cells seen where cork cells in 1665
by Robert Hooke.
 A cell is the smallest unit that can still
carry on all life processes.

Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cells
Cell Theory
 All
organisms are composed of one or
more living cells
 The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things.
 All cells come from existing cells. (chicken
or the egg?)
Cell Similarities
 All




Have cell membrane
Contain hereditary material (DNA)
Have Cytoplasm and Ribosomes
Are small in size
• Most cannot be seen with naked eye
• Ostrich egg
2 Main Types of Cells

Prokaryotic






Include bacteria
Do NOT have a nucleus
Have long circular DNA
No membrane bound
organelles
Contain ribosomes to
make proteins.
rod shaped, spherical,
and spiral
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
 Reproduction:


Asexual
Binary Fission: an organism duplicates its DNA
and then divides into two parts, with each new
organism receiving one copy of DNA.
Conjugation: Exchange of DNA between bacteria
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
 Either


classified as eubacteria or archaea.
Eubacteria: commonly found
Archaea: Live in extreme environments
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
“The Good”
 Bioremediation:
organisms are added to
water to convert toxic pollutants, such as
oil, into harmless substances.
 Food Production: Butter, Cheese, Yogurt,
Sauerkraut, Beer, Pickles, Olives,
Chocolate, Coffee, Soy sauce, meats, etc.
 Decompose dead organisms
 Digesting food
 Fix Nitrogen for Plants
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
“The Bad”
 Food
Spoilage
 Can cause disease in plants and animals
 Produce Toxins
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
“The Ugly”
 Must
be dealt with every day.
 People die each year from infections.
 Bubonic Plague:


Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without
treatment
Yersina pestis
 Anthrax
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
 Ways




to prevent disease:
Wash hands!!!
Cook food thoroughly.
Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism)
Antibiotics
2 Main Types of Cells

Eukaryotic (YOU!)







More complex & larger
than proK
Have membrane
bound organelles
Has a nucleus
Has more DNA than
proK
DNA is linear
Animal, plant, fungi
NOT BACTERIA
Eukaryotic Cells
 Divided
 Both
Into Plant Cells & Animal Cells
of these have Organelles: structures
that enable the cell to live, grow, and
reproduce.
A Plant Cell
Plant Cell Organelles
•Cell Wall
•Cell Membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Nucleus
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Ribosomes
•Large Vacuole
•Mitochondria
•Chloroplasts & Other
Plastids
•Golgi Apparatus
(Complex)
An Animal Cell
Animal Cell Organelles:
•Cell Membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Nucleus
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
•Ribosomes
•Small Vacuoles
•Mitochondria
•Golgi Apparatus
(Complex)
•Lysosomes
Organelles

What’s holding it all
together?

Cell Wall
• Found in plant and algae
cells
• Made of cellulose
• Provides strength and
support
• Helps plants protect
themselves from too
much water entering or
leaving the cell
Organelles
What’s holding it all
together?
Cell Membrane
ALL cells are covered by a
cell membrane.

Its job is to :
 keep the cytoplasm in
 allow waste out and
nutrients in
 interact with other cells.

Made of phospholipid
bilayer.
 Hydrophobic: hate
water (tails)
 Hydrophilic: loves water
(heads)
Organelles
 Cell’s





Information Station: Nucleus
Largest and most visible organelle in euK cell
Means “kernel” or “nut”
Stores DNA that has information for making
proteins.
Surrounded by nuclear membrane
Contains a nucleolus that stores materials
used to make ribosomes.
Nucleus
Protein Factory
 Ribosomes:




Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the
cell
Present in all cells
Do not have a membrane covering
Serve as the protein building location
Endoplasmic Reticulum

May be smooth
(does not have
ribosomes) or rough
(has ribosomes)
 Makes lipids for use
in/out side the cell.
 Break down drugs
and other chemicals
that could damage
the cell
Cell’s Power Plant
 Mitochondria:




Breaks down food molecules into ATP for
energy
Surrounded by two membranes: the inner
membrane has folds where most of ATP is
made
Need oxygen to work
Active cells like those in the liver and heart
have thousands of them
Cell’s Power Plant
 Chloroplasts:




Found in plant and algae cells
Make food from sunlight
Have flattened membrane covered sacs that
look like coins that contain chlorophyll which
makes chloroplast green
Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar
through photosynthesis
Other Common Plastids
 Chloroplasts:
the most commonly known
of the Plastids—Green in color
 Chromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments
that give plants colors other than green—
red, orange, etc.
 Leucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give
plants a white color
Endosymbiotic theory
 Where


did they come from?
Scientist believe that mitochondria and
chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by
larger cells.
Evidence that supports this theory:
• They are about the same size as bacteria
• They are surrounded by two membranes
Cell’s Packaging Center
 Golgi



Complex:
Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER,
but is closer to cell membrane.)
Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER
and modified for different functions
Final products are enclosed in Golgi
membrane and then pinched off for transport
either within the cell or outside the cell.
Golgi Complex
Cell’s Storage Centers
 EuK
have membrane covered sacs called
vesicles.

Form either when…
• Part of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi Complex
• Cell membrane engulf something from outside the
cell.
Cell’s Storage Centers
 Most
plant cells have a large membrane
covered chamber called a vacuole.


It is used to store water.
Pigments in the liquid can cause color in
plants like red roses.
Waste Management
 Lysosome




Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to
digest them.
Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of
waste
Protects cell from foreign particles that enter
the cell by destroying them
Sometimes lysosome membranes break and
the enzymes kill the cell.
• Tadpole-frog
• Human webbed fingers.
Summary
Organelle
Function
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Rigid, Protects & Supports
Controls what enters & exits a cell
Contains DNA, Control Center
Ribosome
ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Golgi Complex
Vacuole
Lysosome
Site of protein manufacturing
Makes lipids, packages proteins
Breaks down food to make ATP
Uses sunlight to make food
Refines materials and transports
Stores water
Digest food, destroys bad stuff
Looking Inside Cells
Compare and contrast the structures present in plant cells and animal
cells.
Cell Movement
 Flagella:
tail-like projections
 Pseudopod: false-foot
 Cilia: finger-like projections (some nonmotile)
Organization of Life
 If
a group of cells work together to perform
a specific job in the body then they form
tissues.

Muscle cells working together to form muscle
tissue
Tissues: Cells working together

Epithelial: (skin)
covers and protects
underlying tissue.
 Nervous: sends
signals throughout the
body
Tissues: Cells working together
 Muscle:
composed of cells that can
contract and relax to produce movement
 Connective: (blood, collagen) joins,
supports, protects, nourishes, and
cushions organs
Tissues
Organization of Life
 If
two or more tissues work together to
perform a specific job in the body then
they form an organ.

Ex.
• Stomach, heart, skin
• Stems, roots
Organization of Life

If two or more organs
work together to
perform a specific job
in the body then they
form an organ
system.

Ex. Digestive system
Organization of Life
 An
organism is anything that can live on its
own.

Unicellular: A single cell living on its own.
• Ex: ameba, paramecium

Multicellular: Multiple cells that rely on each
other for survival. Most of the cells in a
multicellular organism cannot live outside the
body.
• Ex. Us