21st Century College English: Book III
Unit 4: Text A
College Pressures
Unit 4 Text A
• Lead-in Activities
• Text Organization
• Writing and Reading Skills
• Language Points
• Guided Practice
• Assignment
College Pressure
Lead-in Activities
What kind of college pressures are you suffering
from?
What do you think of them?
How to deal with them?
Text Organization
College Pressures
I.
Introduction
Paras. 1-4
II. Four kinds of pressure on college students
today
Paras. 5-14
III. Conclusion
Paras. 15-17
Reading Analysis
I.
Introduction
Authorization of the author
Para. 1
How does the author describe his students? And
why are the students so worried about their future?
Paras. 2-4
Reading Analysis
Authorization of the author
He is master of Branford College at Yale. He lives on
the campus and knows the students well and listens
to their hopes and fears as well as their stereo music
and piercing cries in the dead of night.
Reading Analysis
How does the author describe his students? And why are the
students so worried about their future?
How does he describe the students?
Paras. 2-3
Reason for the students being so worried about
their future.
Para. 4
Reading Analysis
How does he describe the students?
1. The students are not prepared for the road ahead
that is full of unexpected turns and career
changes, etc. They want to have a map — leading
directly to career security, financial security, etc.
2. The students have a grim view of the future and
take their education as a tiresome preparation for
the future goal.
Reading Analysis
Reason for the students being so worried about their future.
The American society imposes the value of material
success on the younger generation in America.
Achievement is the national god, worshipped in the
media and gloried in the praise of possessions.
Reading Analysis
II. Four kinds of pressure on college students today
A transitional paragraph
Para. 5
Four kinds of pressure
Paras. 6-14
Reading Analysis
A transitional paragraph
A transitional paragraph links the previous
paragraphs with the following paragraphs. In the face
of American social values, the students are under
great economic, parental, peer and self-induced
pressures.
Reading Analysis
Four kinds of pressure
Economic Pressure
Parental Pressure
Peer Pressure and Self-induced pressure
Para. 6
Paras. 7-11
Paras. 12-14
Reading Analysis
Economic Pressure
Most of the students have loans and right after the
commencement ceremony they have to prepare to
repay them.
Women students facet the problem of how to justify
their expensive education to themselves, their parents
and society, as the society is not ready to accept them.
Reading Analysis
Parental Pressure
Some students are also under parental pressure to
study medicine. They don’t like the field but it is what
their parents demand them to do.
Reading Analysis
Peer Pressure and Self-induced pressure
Almost every student competes with each other to
work harder and do better. This tension can be seen
in the students’ eyes when exams are approaching
and papers are due.
The result is that they cannot get everything done.
Instead, they get sick.
Reading Analysis
III. Conclusion
General description of students today.
Para. 15
What does the author do to help the students? And
what is the result?
Paras. 16-17
Reading Analysis
General description of students today
Almost every student competes with each other to work
harder and do better. This tension can be seen in the
students’ eyes when exams are approaching and papers
are due.
The result is that they cannot get everything done.
Instead, they get sick.
Reading Analysis
What does the author do to help the students? And what is the
result?
He tries to tell the students that each one is a different
person with a different start and for a different destination.
He also tells them that change is healthy and that people
don’t have to fit into pre-arranged slots.
He invites successful men and women from outside the
academic world to come and talk with his students.
Result: Students can hardly conceive of a career not
preplanned. The author’s effort are of little effect.
Writing and Reading Skills
The major wring technique the author uses is LISTING.
One of the aims of Text A is to explain the types of pressure
that the author sees affecting students. He starts his
section of his article with a simple list of the four kinds
of pressure he sees:
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students
today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer
pressure, and self-induced pressure.
Then in the next several paragraphs, he explains each kind
of pressure in detail. Making predictions---anticipating
the writer’s next point---is an important skill in active
reading.
Writing and Reading Skills
To predict every detail is impossible, because a writer
may surprise us with unexpected ideas, just
anticipate the general direction the author is going.
Making predictions while you read keeps your mind
alert and involved with the text; it’s a way to
double-check your comprehension of what you’ve
read so far; and it can be a great aid to
understanding what comes next. (Remember: being
100% accurate in your predictions isn’t as
important as the process of making predictions
based on alert and active reading.)
Language Points
Text A
College
Pressures
Language Points
College Pressures
By William Zinsser
1
I am master of Branford College at Yale. I live on the
campus and know the students well. (We have 485 of them.)
I listen to their hopes and fears — and also to their stereo
music and their piercing cries in the dead of night (“Does
anybody care?”). They come to me to ask how to get
through the rest of their lives.
Language Points
2
Mainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a
long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than
they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs,
change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches.
They don’t want to hear such news. They want a map —
right now — that they can follow directly to career
security,
financial
security,
presumably, a prepaid grave.
social
security
and,
Language Points
3
What I wish for all students is some release from the
grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy
each segment of their education as an experience in itself
and not as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the
next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and
fall, to learn that defeat is as educational as victory and is
not the end of the world.
Language Points
4
My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights
that America does not proclaim is the right to fail.
Achievement is the national god, worshipped in our
media — the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy
executive — and glorified in our praise of possessions.
In the presence of such a potent state religion, the
young are growing up old.
Language Points
5
I see four kinds of pressure working on college
students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer
pressure, and self-induced pressure. It’s easy to look
around for bad guys — to blame the colleges for charging
too much money, the professors for assigning too much
work, the parents for pushing their children too far, the
students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no
bad guys, only victims.
Language Points
6
Today it is not unusual for a student, even one who
works part time at college and full time during the summer,
to have accumulated $5,000 in loans after four years —
loans that the student must start to repay within one year
after graduation (and incidentally, not all these loans are
low-interest, as many non-students believe). Encouraged at
the commencement ceremony to go forth into the world,
students are already behind as they go forth. How can they
Language Points
not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for
this day of reckoning? Women at Yale are under even more
pressure than men to justify their expensive education to
themselves, their parents, and society. For although they
leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to
traditionally male jobs, society hasn’t yet caught up with
this fact.
Language Points
7
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure.
Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined. I see students
taking premedical courses with joyless determination. They
go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It
saddens me because I know them in other corners of their
life as cheerful people.
Language Points
8
“Do you want to go to medical school?” I ask them.
9
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or, “Not
really.”
10 “Then why are you going?”
11 “My parents want me to be a doctor. They’re paying
all this money and …”
Language Points
12 Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also
intertwined, and they begin from the very start of freshman
year. “I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,”one
instructor told me, “who came in and said she was under
terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much
brighter and studied all the time. I couldn’t tell her that
Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing
about Linda.”
Language Points
13 The story is almost funny — except that it’s not. It’s a
symptom of all the pressures put together. When every
student thinks every other student is working harder and
doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see
students going off to the library every night after dinner
and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they
could sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie.
I hear the rattling of typewriters in the hours before dawn.
I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching
and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Language Points
14 Probably they won’t. They will get sick. They will sleep.
They will oversleep. They will bug out.
15 I’ve painted too grim a portrait of today’s students,
making them seem too solemn. That’s only half of their
story; the other half is that these students are nice people,
and easy to like. They’re quick to laugh and to offer
friendship. They’re more considerate of one another than
any student generation I’ve ever known. If I’ve described
Language Points
them primarily as driven creatures who largely ignore
the joyful side of life, it’s because that’s where the
problem is — not only at Yale but throughout American
education. It’s why I think we should all be worried
about the values that are nurturing a generation so
fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
Language Points
16 I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get
ahead — that each of them is a different person, starting
from a different point and bound for a different
destination. I tell them that change is healthy and that
people don’t have to fit into pre-arranged slots. One of
my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who
have achieved success outside the academic world to
come and talk informally with my students during the
year. I invite heads of companies, editors of magazines,
Language Points
politicians,
Broadway
producers,
artists,
writers,
economists, photographers, scientists, historians — a
mixed bag of achievers.
17 I ask them to say a few words about how they got
started. The students always assume that they started in
their present profession and knew all along that it was
what they wanted to do. But in fact, most of them got
where they are by a circuitous route, after many side
Language Points
trips. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive
of a career that was not preplanned. They can hardly
imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to lead them
down some unforeseen trail.
get through
— manage to live through (a period of time during which
something unpleasant is happening)
e.g.
Translate
他们帮我渡过了那段辛酸的日子。
How do they ever get through Siberian winters?
Key
They helped me to get through those miserable
days.
in itself
— in its own nature; intrinsically
Translate
e.g.
问题本身倒并不很重要，但其长远影响可能是重大的。
1) The design was not in itself bad.
Key
2) The plan wasn’t illegal in itself, but it would lead to
The
is unimportant in itself but its long
someproblem
doubtful practices.
term effects could be very serious.
trip vi.
— (~ over/up) knock one’s foot against something
when walking and lose balance so that one falls or
nearly falls
e.g.
Translate
。a stone.
1) 她让猫绊了一跤
She tripped over
Key
2) He tripped and fell, tearing a hole in his trousers.
She tripped over the cat and fell.
day of reckoning
— time when a person pays or when he is punished
for things that he has done wrong
Cf.
Translate
e.g.reckon and calculate
Both
reckon and calculate mean “determine
别看你现在逍遥，将来会遭报应的。
1) We tried tomathematically”,
put off the day of reckoning.
something
but reckon usually
Key
connotes simpler mathematical process, especially
2) The
day of
reckoning
comenow,
for him.
such
as can
be
carried yourself
onhas
in one’s
head
or aided
by the
You’re
enjoying
but
a day
of
use of a counting device, while calculate is usually
reckoning will come.
preferred when highly advanced, complex processes
are followed with precision and care and when the
result arrived at is not readily proven by measuring.
catch up with
— reach (and sometimes overtake) (sb. Who is
ahead); (in competition, trade, standard, etc.)
become equal to
e.g.
Translate
1) 他因病一学期未上课，得努力赶上（其他同学）。
Will Western industry ever catch up with Japanese
Key innovations?
After missing a term through illness he had to
2) They haven’t caught up yet with the latest styles.
work hard to catch up (with the others).
go along with
— be found together with
Paraphrase:
e.g.
Translate
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure.
事实证明，成功总是和勤奋分不开的。
1) Failing
health often goes along with old age.
Key
2)
Increased
unemployment
hastogether
gone along
with
rising
Parental
with
economic
It is pressure
proved takes
that place
success
always
goes
with
prices all over the world.
pressure.
diligence.
except that
— (used to introduce a statement which states or
implies something contrary to the preceding one)
only that, but that
e.g.
Paraphrase:
Translate
The她story
is almost funny — except that it’s not.
（对他）什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
1) It couldn’t have happened except that it did.
Key
She
remembered
nothing
(about
him)thinking
except that
The
story
(about
Linda
and
Barbara
that
2) She would have protested except that she was
his ishair
was black.
each
working
harder and doing better than the
afraid.
other) sounds somewhat funny, but in fact it’s not
funny.
that’s only half of their story
— That’s only part of the situation with the students.
e.g.
If you say something is only half of the story, or part of
1)
he not
toldthe
us whole
yesterday
is you
onlymean
half the
story;
the What
story or
story
that
therethere
are
are details
more people
concerned
this affair
than he
more
that need
to be inknown
in order
to
understand
the situation.
knows about.
2) These figures gave only part of the story.
obsess vt.
— fill the mind of (sb.) continually and make thinking
about anything else difficult
Paraphrase:
e.g.
Translate
the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of
她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。
1)
of death obsessed
throughout
her old
riskThe
andfear
so goal-obsessed
at anher
early
age
Keyage.
She
wasprinciples
obsessed that
withare
thebringing
idea that
thatup
she
was going
being
2)
was
obsessed
with
the
idea
she
theShe
social
a was
generation
watched.
so afraid
to
die. of taking risks and so excessively concerned
about their future career when so young
a mixed bag
— a thoroughly varied mixture (of people or things)
e.g.
1) Jane invited a mixed bag of people to her party.
2) The songs on this record are (quite) a mixed bag.
get started
— begin
e.g.
1) When can we get started?
2) It’s time we got started on the washing up.
Text-related information
Brandford College at Yale
Brandford College is one of the oldest of Yale
university’s twelve residential colleges. It opened its
doors in the start of the academic year in 1933.
Text-related information
Social Security
Social security generally refers to all measures
established by legislation to maintain individual to
family income at certain levels, to assure income if
employment is lost, and to provide a great number of
benefits covered by other programs. These benefits
may include maternity payments, cash for medical
needs, legal aid, compensation for crop failure, and
funeral expenses.
Text-related information
Broadway
Broadway is one of the principal business
thoroughfares of New York City, extending in a
generally north-south direction. Laid out in the early
17th century by the Dutch, Broadway grew in length
as the city developed from a small settlement on the
southern tip of Manhattan Island. It now extends 27
km (17 mi) to the city’s northern boundary in the
Bronx. Broadway forms the central thoroughfare of
More to learn
Text-related information
New York City’s theater district. This stretch is one of
the most highly concentrated entertainment centers in
the United Stats, and includes official Broadway
theaters, smaller off-Broadway playhouses, movie
theaters, restaurants, and bars. Also located on
Broadway are Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
and Columbia University (1754).
More to learn
Text-related information
Women enter the Broadway Theater in Denver,
Colorado. One woman wears a short fur coat, hat and
evening dress. The Broadway Theater opened in 1890 on
18th and Broadway Avenues. It was demolished in 1955.
More to learn
Text-related information
A book:
Broadway Theatres, an
introduction of the history
of Broadway.
Comprehension
change jobs, change careers, change whole
attitudes and approaches
Do you know the difference between “change
Paraphrase:
jobs” and “change careers”?
take another job, begin a new career, adopt an
entirely
differentcareer
attitude
andseries
approach
Someone’s
is the
of jobs that they
have in their life, esp. in the same area of work. So, if
a teacher quits teaching in one school and starts
teaching in another, he changes his jobs, but if he
quits teaching at all and starts running a business, he
changes his career.
Comprehension
Achievement is the national god, worshipped in
our media … and glorified in our praise of
possessions.
Success is greatly admired by the whole country,
highly respected in newspapers, on radio and
television … and strongly praised in our approval
of wealth.
Comprehension
to justify their expensive education to …
to prove to … that it is right for them to receive
such an expensive education;
to show to … that they can perform as well as or
even better than men for the expensive education
they’ve received
Comprehension
as if they were going to the dentist
as if they were going to suffer
Having one’s teeth treated often causes a lot of
pain, and going to the dentist is never a pleasant
experience. So students who study medicine under
parental pressure feel as if they were going to the
dentist when they have to go to their labs.
Comprehension
when … papers are due
when … it is time to hand in papers
Comprehension
easy to like
= easy to be liked
Comprehension
they … knew all along that it was what they
wanted to do
they … knew from the very beginning that it
(their present profession) was the profession they
wanted to follow
self-induced
— caused or brought about by oneself
self-imposed
decided by yourself
self-indulgent
allowing yourself to
have or do anything
that you enjoy
self-inflicted
(of something bad)
done to yourself
go force (into)
— set out
Could you make a sentence by yourself?
be bound for
— intending to go to; going to
e.g.
These two young musicians are bound for international
success.
conceive of
— think of
e.g.
He couldn’t conceive of a time when he would have no
job.
I find it hard to conceive of such cruelty.
Guided Practice
•
Vocabulary
•
Structure
•
Cloze
•
Translation
•
Structure Writing
Vocabulary
《读写教程 III》: Ex. III, p. 106
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
1. When every student imagines that every other student is
working harder and doing better, stress is the _____
result.
 inevitable
2. It is my firm _____ that violence is never a reasonable
solution to conflict.
 conviction
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
3. Everyone jumped up when a _____ scream suddenly
broke the silence.
 piercing
4. In many cultures a memorial service is a joyful
celebration, not a _____ event.
 solemn
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
5. The recession has put increasing pressure on the job
market, so employment prospects for this year’s
graduates are unfortunately rather _____.
 grim
6. If you keep too firm a _____ on your children, they’ll
never learn to think for themselves.
 grip
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
7. I don’t know what _____ Alfred to read your letter.
_____ he thought it was addressed to him.
 induced, Presumably
8. What are you thinking of!? This medicine is much too
_____ for a small child!
 potent
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
9. A large _____ of the population — ______ at about
20% — still takes spirit-worship (神灵崇拜) seriously.
 segment, reckoned
10. Before going on a camping trip, it’s wise to make sure
you’re well _____ for a wide range of emergencies.
 equipped
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form
where necessary.
presumably
pierce
grip
segment
grim
inevitable
potent
incidentally
conviction
solemn
commence
induce
reckon
equip
11. As soon as the director left the room, Sam _____ to
entertain us with his wild stories.
 commenced
12. I talked to Alice last week — _____, has she returned
the book you lent her? I’d like to borrow it, if you don’t
mind.
 incidentally
Structure
Identify the independent elements in the following sentences, and
then translate the sentences into Chinese.
1. Hopefully,
Hopefully these informal talks with a mixed bag of
achievers will teach my students something about life.
真希望与各类有成就人士的随意交谈会对我们的学生在
人生认识上有所教益。
2. Most important, once you set a goal you have to work
for it with great determination.
最重要的是，一旦确立了目标你就要非常坚决地为之努
力。
Structure
Identify the independent elements in the following sentences, and
then translate the sentences into Chinese.
3. It’s a mistake, as I see it, to seek only security and to be
too fearful of taking risks.
以我之见，只求平稳、过于害怕冒险是不对的。
4. Many students in medical school or law school are,
strictly speaking, studying for their parents.
从严格意义上来说，许多医学院和法学院的学生是在为
他们的家长而学习。
Structure
Identify the independent elements in the following sentences, and
then translate the sentences into Chinese.
5. To tell the truth, teachers are also under enormous
pressure.
老实说，老师们也有很大压力.
6. The problem, in other words, lies in society as a whole.
换句话说，问题在于整个社会.
Cloze
《读写教程 III》: Ex. IX, p. 110
Cloze
IX. Select the most appropriate word from the four choices given.
The term “liberal arts” comes
from the Latin root liber, meaning
“free”. This term originally
referred to seven fields of study
1)____, in ancient Greece, were
2)____ arts of the mind, 3)____
contrast to the
manual or
mechanical arts. The liberal arts
now include fields other than the
original seven (which, 4)____,
were grammar,
1. A) as
C) which
B) that
D) it
2. A) considered
B) considerate
C) conceived
D) itself
3. A) as
B) for
C) on D) in
4. A) eventually
B) incidentally
C) inevitably
D) additionallyz
Cloze
rhetoric ( 修 辞 ), logic, arithmetic,
music, geometry ( 几 何 ) and
astronomy), but the basic concept
still has an 5)____ influence on
Western
education.
Middle
Ages,
a
6)____
liberal
the
arts
education was only for the 7)____ ,
and was seen as an end 8)____:
Although it could open doors to a
5. A) overwhelmed
B) overcoming
C) actual
D) incidental
6. A) For
B) as
C) During D) Even
7. A) professional
B) wealthy
C) educated
D) academic
8. A) eventually
B) by itself
C) all along
D) in itself
Cloze
9)____
regarded
career,
as
it
the
was
mark
mainly
of
a
cultivated man. (Women were not
permitted 10)____ a liberal arts
education in the Middle Ages).
11)____, liberal arts faculties were
established at universities, and the
9. A) wealthy
B) eventual
C) professional
D) conceived
10.A) to consider
B) to pursue
C) pursuing
D) considering
11. A) Eventually
B) Inevitably
C) Incidentally
D) Professionally
Cloze
liberal arts — 12)____ the idea of
pursuing an education for its own
13)____— became the standard for
higher education in the Western
world. The 14)____ that education
should not be practical has never
completely
died
out.
15)____
centuries law and medicine were
12. A) all along
B) in itself
C) along with
D) by itself
13. A) self
B) sake
C) purpose
D) school
14. A) consideration
B) profession
C) conception
D) conviction
15. A) During B) In
C) As
D) For
Cloze
thought
of
as
primarily
theoretical — 16)____ putting
them into practice was viewed
17)____ low-class. The natural
sciences were not treated seriously,
and fields like economics and
management didn’t exist 18)____ .
16. A) actually
B) inevitably
C) eventually
D) professionally
17. A) as
B) for
C) in
D) like
18. A) actually
B) by itself
C) in addition
D) at all
Translation
•
Translation
 Ex. X
 Ex. XI
Translation
《读写教程 III》: Ex. X, p. 112
Translation
X.
从未来的严酷无情
Translate the following
into Chinese.
中得到一些解脱
What I wish for 纯粹作为一种经历
all students is some release from the
来享受
grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy each
segment of their education as an experience in itself and not
as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the next step. I
失败如同胜利一
wish them the right to experiment, to trip
and fall, to learn
样具有教育意义
that defeat is as educational as victory and is not the end of
the world.
Translation
X.
Translate the following into Chinese.
My wish, of course, is naive.
One of the few rights that
成就是民族之神
America does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement
is the national god, worshipped in our media — the million在这样一种强有力
dollar athlete,
the wealthy executive — and glorified in our
的国教的熏陶下
praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state
religion, the young are growing up old.
Translation
《读写教程 III》: Ex. XI, p. 112
Translation
XIV. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. 我们想提醒我们亲爱的观众，敬请体谅他人,在晚上十点
以后调低你的电视机音量。
remind … to
be considerate to
keep your TVs turned down
We’d like to remind our viewers to be considerate to
your neighbors and keep your TVs turned down
after 10 PM.
Translation
2. 我希望我的忠告对处于压力下的学生们会起作用：前面
的路有着许多不能预见的机遇。
work on sb.
unforeseen
under pressure
I hope my advice will work on the students under
pressure — the road ahead is full of unforeseen
opportunities.
Translation
3. 顺便说一句，琳达是个腼腆的人,在那么多的生人面前讲
话，她会感到不自然。
in the presence
Incidentally
feel uneasy about doing
Incidentally, Linda is a shy person who might feel
uneasy about speaking in the presence of so many
strangers.
Translation
4. 要在学习上取得进步,学生需要具备独立学习的技能而不
是事事都依靠教师。
equip oneself with
get ahead in their studies
rely on sb. for everything
In order to get ahead in their studies, students need
to equip themselves with independent-study skills
instead of relying on their teachers for everything.
Translation
5. 现在的年青人变得老成，他们确信成就是以拥有多少财
产来衡量的。
are growing up old
is measured by
Young people nowadays are growing up old, with
the conviction that achievement is measured by how
many possessions they own.
Translation
6．许多学生为他们利用部分时间打工辩解，说这会减少他
们的经济压力。
justify … by saying
working part time
Many students justify their working part time by
saying that it reduces their economic pressure.
Translation
7．你现在必须马上做的是填好在你来时给你的表格。
fill in the forms
What you need to do right now is to fill in the forms
you were given when you arrived.
Translation
8．就事业本身而言，需要一个人毕生的奉献，但是这并不
意味着进入一种职业后就要坚持不懈地一直干下去。
a career in itself
continue all along
get into a profession
A career in itself requires one’s lifelong devotion, but
it does not mean that after you get into a profession
you must continue all along.
Structured Writing
Structured Writing
In the second part of text A (Paras 5 to 14), the major
writing technique the author uses is LISTING.
Example in text A
Sample Essay
Write your own
Structured Writing
Example in Text A
One of the aims of Text A is to explain the types of pressure
that the author sees affecting students. He starts his section
of his article with a simple list of the four kinds of pressure
he sees:
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students
today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure,
and self-induced pressure.
Then in the next several paragraphs, he explains each kind
of pressure in detail.
Structured Writing
Sample Essay
I see two main advantages in eating
in the campus cafeterias: the social
advantage and the economic advantage.
Today it is usual to find campus
cafeterias full of joyful, friendly students
that are a pleasure to dine with. Eating
together is a social advantage that allows
students a chance to meet people of the
same interests and concerns about their
future, etc. Once I made friends with
Present
the
main point of
view at the
beginning.
Present the
social
advantage.
Structured Writing
Sample Essay
an English major in one of my favorite
campus cafeterias, who turned out to be
of great help when I tried to translate
my graduation thesis into English.
Present a case
to support the
idea.
The economic advantage and the
social advantage are deeply intertwined:
The campus cafeterias are much
cheaper than off-campus restaurants. So
it is not surprising for students who
A transitional
sentence.
Present
the
economic
advantage.
Structured Writing
Sample Essay
wander off campus in search of a meal
to find themselves sitting alone with no
one to talk to.
That's the reason why most of the
students usually eat in the campus
cafeterias if they don't have a special
need to eat out.
A conclusion.
Structured Writing
Write Your Own
Use the writing technique of LISTING to write a short
composition of about 150 words. Here are some ideas you can
choose from if you like.
the two or three main areas of campus life that need
improvement
some reasons why women live longer than men
the two or three main reasons why learning English is so much
fun
your two or three main reasons for majoring in your field
Assignment
1. Review Text A
2. Do exercises:
• Structure
(Ex.VIII, p.110)
• Cloze
(Ex. IX, p. 110)
• Translation
(Ex. X & XI, p. 112)