5
Hand Tools
and Shop
Equipment
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-1
Objectives
• List the basic units of measure in two
measuring systems (Metric and Imperial)
• Describe the different types of fasteners
• List the various measuring tools used in the
automotive shop.
• Describe the proper procedure for measuring
with a micrometer.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-2
Objectives
• List some of the hand tools used in auto
repair.
• Describe the use of common pneumatic,
electrical, and hydraulic power tools
• Describe the different sources for service
information that are available to technicians.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-3
Units of Measure
• Metric
–
–
–
–
Linear examples: metre, centimetre, kilometre
Weight examples: grams, kilograms
Temperature example: Celsius
Pressure examples: kilogram per square
centimetre, bar
– Torque example: Newton metres
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-4
Units of Measure
• Imperial or United States Customary (USC)
–
–
–
–
–
Linear examples: inch, foot, yard, mile
Weight examples: ounce, pound, ton
Temperature example: Fahrenheit
Pressure examples: pounds per square inch (psi)
Torque example: foot pounds, inch pounds
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-5
Bolt Identification
• Diameter
– Measured across the threaded area
• Thread pitch (metric system)
– The distance in millimetres between two
adjacent threads
• Thread pitch (English system)
– The number of threads per inch
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-6
Bolt Identification
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-7
Bolt Grade Markings
• Metric bolts
– Identification class numbers correspond to bolt
strength.
– Increasing numbers represent increasing strength.
• Imperial or Customary (inch) bolts
– Identification marks correspond to bolt strength.
– Increasing numbers represent increasing strength.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-8
Grade Markings
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-9
Metric Size Bolt Identification Example
• A metric size bolt that is identified as:
6mm × 30mm × 1.25mm
– Has a shank diameter of 6 millimetres.
– Is 30 millimetres long from the bottom of the head
to the end of the shank.
– Has a distance of 1.25 millimetres between its
threads.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-10
Imperial Size Bolt Identification
Example
• An Imperial size bolt that is identified as:
3/8" × 2" × 24
– Has a shank diameter of 3/8 inch.
– Is 2 inches long from the bottom of the head to the
end of the shank.
– Has 24 threads per inch.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-11
Measuring Devices
• Machinist’s rule
– Is usually used to
measure items that
don’t require
extremely close
tolerances, such as
bolt lengths.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-12
Measuring Devices
• Vernier caliper
– Is usually used to measure items that
require a closer
degree of accuracy,
such as shim
thickness. This tool
can be used for
inside, outside and
depth measurements.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-13
Measuring Devices
• Dial caliper
– Is a version of
a vernier
caliper that
incorporates a
dial for easier
reading.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-14
Measuring Devices
• Micrometer
– Is used for
measuring items
that require very
close tolerances,
such as shaft
thickness and
bearing diameter.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-15
Measuring Devices
• Depth Micrometer
– Used to measure
hole depth,
counter-bores,
and distances
from one surface
to another.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-16
Reading a Metric Micrometer
Add:
Full millimetres
10.00 mm
+
½ millimetres
(2 × 0.50) 1.00 mm
+
Thimble reading
0.00 mm
Final Reading 11.00 mm
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-17
Reading an Imperial Micrometer
Add: (0 to 1 inch micrometer)
0.100 inch increments
0.200 inch
+
0.025 inch increments
(3 × 0.025) 0.075 inch
+
Thimble reading
0.000 inch
Final Reading 0.275 inch
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-18
Using a Micrometer
• Slip the micrometer
back and forth over
the object.
• Try to rock it from
side to side.
• When no rocking is
present and a slight
drag is felt, the
micrometer reading
can be taken.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-19
Measuring Devices
• Dial indicator
– Is used to measure
radial or axial
movement, such as
a shaft’s runout or
end play.
– Indicator bases can
vary from magnetic
to clamp on
adaptive styles.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-20
Measuring Devices
• Telescoping gauge
– Is commonly used to
measure larger bore
diameters, such as
an engine cylinder.
– A micrometer is used
to read the
telescoping gauge
setting.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-21
Measuring Devices
• Small hole gauge
– Is used for
measuring small
bores, such as an
engine valve guide.
– A micrometer is used
to read the hole
gauge setting.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-22
Measuring Devices
• Feeler gauge
– Is used to measure
clearances, such as
a spark plug gap.
– Feeler gauges can
also be used along
with a straight edge
to measure surface
irregularities.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-23
Measuring Devices
• Screw pitch gauge
– Is used to
determine thread
pitch of a bolt or
screw.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-24
A Typical Set of Hand Tools
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-25
Hand Tools
• Wrenches
– Open-end
– Box-end
– Flare nut or line
– Metric or
Imperial
(USCS)
– Allen
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-26
Hand Tools
• Ratchets
– Available in ¼, ⅜, ½, and ¾ drive sizes
with either a solid or flex handle
• Sockets
– 6, 8, or 12 point
– Deep and shallow
– Metric or USCS
– Impact or chrome
– Torx
– Swivel sockets
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
continued…
5-27
Hand Tools
• Screwdrivers
– A variety of tips and
sizes are available to fit
the various types of
screws used.
– Standard (flat blade)
and the Phillips
screwdrivers are
commonly used in the
automotive industry.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-28
Hand Tools
• Pliers
– Different sizes and
jaw shapes are
available for various
tasks.
– Also available with
standard, locking
and slip joint
handles.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-29
Hand Tools
• Diagonal (Side)
Cutting Pliers
– Used to cut wires,
tie wraps, plastic
tubing, hoses, etc.
– Available in straight
and angled jaws.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-30
Hand Tools
• Hammers and mallets
– Used for striking various
components.
– Soft-faced and deadblow hammers are used
for striking soft or easily
damaged surfaces.
CAUTION - Do not strike
hardened surfaces with
hardened steel hammers.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-31
Hand Tools
• Punches
– Used for driving out pins, rivets, or shafts;
aligning holes in components; and marking
the starting point for drilling a hole.
• Chisels
– Used for cutting metal when driven by a
hammer. Can be used to shear off bolt and
rivet heads.
CAUTION – Always keep the striking end
free from burrs and mushrooming.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-32
Hand Tools
• Files
– Commonly used to shape or smooth metal
edges and surfaces.
– They vary in size and coarseness
depending on
the shape and
material being
filed.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-33
Hand Tools
• Taps and dies
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-34
Types of Torque Wrenches
• Beam
• “Click”
– Older and not very
accurate.
• Dial
– A dial indicates the
amount of torque
exerted.
– When the handle
reaches the preset
torque, the wrench
clicks.
• Digital read out
– Is usually the most
accurate design.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-35
Hand Tool Safety
• Use the proper tool for the job.
• Use the correct size wrench or socket.
• Use box-end wrench or socket
whenever possible.
• Always pull on a wrench.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-36
Power Tools
•
•
•
•
•
•
Impact wrenches
Air ratchets
Drills
Blow guns
Grinders
Cutting tools
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-37
Power Tools
• Drill press
• Bench grinders
– Grinding
wheel
– Wire wheel
– Buffing wheel
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-38
Power Tools
• Presses
• Trouble lights
– Incandescent
or fluorescent
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-39
Lifting Tools
• Hydraulic floor jack
– Is used to raise vehicle off the ground.
– Is used with safety stands.
• Safety stand
– Is used to support
a vehicle when
raised.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
continued…
5-40
Lifting Tools
• Vehicle Lifts or
Hoists
– Can be pneumatic
(air pressure) or
hydraulic
controlled.
– Most modern lifts
use electric motor
driven cables or
screws.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-41
Lifting Tools
• Engine hoist
– Is sometimes called
a cherry picker.
– Uses hydraulic
pressure to lift an
engine from a
vehicle.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-42
Service Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chapter 5
Manufacturers’ service information
Computer-based information systems
Flat-rate manuals
Owner’s manuals
Lubrication guides
Aftermarket suppliers’ guides and catalogues
Hotline services
International Automotive Technicians
Network
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-43
Steps for Using Service Information
• Select the appropriate manual for the
vehicle being serviced or enter the
vehicle information into the system.
• Use the table of contents to locate the
applicable section or article.
• Use the index at the front of the section
or article to locate the required
information.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-44
Steps for Using Service Information
• Carefully read the information and study
the illustrations and diagrams.
• Follow the required steps and
procedures.
• Adhere to all of the given specifications
and safety precautions
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-45
Summary
• Repairing the modern automobile
requires the use of many different hand
and power tools.
• It is crucial to use the proper amount of
torque when tightening fasteners on any
part of a vehicle, particularly the engine.
continued…
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-46
Summary
• Metric and SAE size wrenches are not
interchangeable.
• Carelessness or mishandling of power
tools can cause serious injury.
• The primary source of repair and
specification information for any vehicle
is the manufacturer’s service manual or
shop service information systems.
Chapter 5
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
5-47