Integrated Solid Waste Management
for
Coastal cities
To address land based sources of marine litter
Surya Prakash Chandak
Senior Programme Officer
International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)
October 2013
Need for ISWM
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Cities are facing an increasing growth in population, and shares in
GDP growth, resulting in – among other things – increasing
quantities of waste being generated
Due to changing lifestyles and consumption patterns, the quantity of
waste generated has increased with quality and composition of
waste becoming more varied and changing.
Industrialization and economic growth has produced more amounts
of waste, including hazardous and toxic wastes.
There is a growing realization of the negative impacts that wastes
have had on the local environment (air, water, land, human health
etc.)
Complexity, costs and coordination of waste management has
necessitated multi-stakeholder involvement in every stage of the
waste stream. This calls for an integrated approach to waste
management.
Local Governments are now looking at waste as a business
opportunity, (a) to extract valuable resources contained within it
that can still be used and (b) to safely process and dispose wastes
with a minimum impact on the environment
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Challenge # 1: Waste Generation
Rapid growth in waste generation and new waste
streams due to population growth and lifestyles
United Nations Environment Programme
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics
International Environmental Technology Centre
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Source: Kitakyushu Initiative (2003)
Challenge # 2: Severity of Impacts
• Severe health impacts particularly on
community in vicinity of dumpsites.
• Pollution of surface and sub-surface
water bodies due to leachate
contamination.
Payatas, Philippines
Nairobi, Kenya
Photo: Pforr, Chris.
• Air pollution from emissions of
spontaneous combustion in
dumps.
• Adverse impacts on fauna and
flora.
Challenge # 3: Increasing Costs
OECD countries:
Municipal waste – USD120 billion/year
Industrial waste – USD150 billion/year
Developing countries:
20-50% of recurring budget of municipalities is
spent on solid waste management although only
50% of urban population is covered. In lowincome countries collection alone drains 80-90%
of total waste management budget.
Challenge # 4:
Limited Infrastructure and Policy Framework
• Rely on end-of-pipe
solutions with focus on
collection and disposal with
coverage of collection is
around 50%
• Safe disposal
– Only 30% practised in
middle-income
developing countries
– Only 5% practised in
low-income developing
countries
• Lack of supportive policy
framework, especially to
address emerging waste
streams
• Limited implementation of
policies at best in selected
big cities
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Challenge#6: GHG Emissions
1.
Rotten waste
2.
Open burning
3.
Landfills
4.
Thermal treatment (e.g. incineration)
5.
Biological treatment (e.g. composting)
6.
Collection and transportation
7.
Lost energy to offset fossil fuels
Turning Challenges into Opportunities
20th CENTURY
21st CENTURY
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
“How do we get rid of our waste
efficiently with minimum damage to
public health and the environment?”
“How do we handle our discarded
resources in ways which do not
deprive future generations of some,
if not all, of their value?”
Source: Dr. Paul Connett, Zero Waste, Power Point
Defining ISWM
Integrated solid waste management refers
to the strategic approach to sustainable
management of solid wastes covering all
sources and all aspects, covering
generation, segregation, transfer, sorting,
treatment, recovery and disposal in an
integrated manner, with an emphasis on
maximizing resource use efficiency.
United Nations Environment
Programme, Division of
Technology, Industry and
Economics
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Integrated Waste Management
based on 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle)
Hazardous Waste for
Treatment & Disposal
3R
Residential
Methane & heat
3R
Industrial &
Commercial
3R
Services
(Healthcare, Laboratory, etc.)
Energy
Treatment
Recovery
Final waste
Collection of Waste
Segregation of Waste
Recycling waste
(organic & inorganic)
Waste Exchange
Discarded waste
Sanitary Landfill,
Incineration
Final disposal
Resources
Plastics, wood, steel,
paper, glass, and
compost/biogas
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IETC projects on ISWM
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Wuxi New District, China – 2008
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Pune City, India – 2008
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Maseru City, Lesotho – 2009
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Matale City, Sri Lanka – 2009
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Novo Hamburgo, Brazil – 2009
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Nairobi – 2010
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Bahir Dar, Ethiopia – 2010
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Pathum Thani, Thailand – 2011
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Addis Ababa – 2011
Danang, Vietnam - 2012
Kampot, Cambodia - 2012
Bangkok – 2012
Honduras - 2013
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Guidelines / Manuals on ISWM
Volume 1 - Waste data: waste characterization and
quantification with future trends
http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/ISWMPlan_Vol
1.pdf
Volume 2 - Assessment of current waste management
system
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/spc/ISWMPlan_Vol
2.pdf
Volume 3 - Target setting and identification of issues of
concern for stakeholders
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/spc/ISWMPlan_Vol
3.pdf
Volume 4 - How to develop an ISWM plan?
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/spc/ISWMPlan_Vol
4.pdf
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ISWM for coastal cities
• Sea based sources for waste in
coastal cities (e.g. shipping and
floating debris)
• Land based sources of marine
litter (e.g. waste dumping and
coastal tourism)
• ISWM to also include the
facilities for treatment,
recycling and disposal of
marine litter
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Land based sources of marine litter
1.
Direct dumping of waste from land based sources into marine
environment
2.
Carry over of waste from water estuaries emptying into marine
environment
3.
Illegal disposal practices
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GPA’s mandate & work
programme on marine litter
GPA mandate: Reduced amount of land-based litter and solid waste
introduced into the marine environment Online forum & partnership will
focus on Honolulu Strategy (LBS/SBS/Removal).
• Component 1: Development of online forum/platform
•Component 2: Global Partnership on Marine Litter
•Component 3: Support to regional activities
•Component 4: Demonstration of marine litter reduction strategies for
Land-based sources
Proposed methodology for ISWM in
coastal cities
1.
Awareness raising and seeking political support
2.
Baseline data on
a. waste data (quantification and characterization with future trends)
b. Assessment of current waste management system (institutions,
policies, financing, infrastructure and technology )
3.
Target setting for ISWM
4.
5.
Stakeholders’ concerns
(environmental, economic, social
technical) for meeting the
targets
ISWM Plan with detailed actions
(policy, technical and voluntary)
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7.
Demonstration Projects
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Technologies
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Methodology to assess technologies (Sustainability
Assessment of Technologies, SAT) was developed to
assist practitioners to provide financial, environmental,
social and technical assessment to policy makers for
well informed decision-making
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Various compendium of technologies are compiled to
provide information on technology routes, technology
providers and technology details (wherever available)
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Future vision
• To provide technical support on ISWM for
coastal cities
• To build capacity in partner institutions in
Integrated Solid Waste Management
• To develop joint projects for coastal cities in
partnership with Northwest Pacific Action
Plan (NOWPAP) of UNEP
International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)
Osaka
2-110 Ryokuchi Koen
Tsurumi-ku, Osaka 538-0036 Japan
Tel :
+81 (0) 6 6915 4581
Fax :
+81 (0) 6 6915 0304
E-mail : unep.tie@unep.org
Web: http://www.unep.or.jp
Thank You…