2014 AP Biology Big Daddy Test #2
(Plant Structure/Nutrition, Transport/Membrane, Water, Plant Transport, Thermoregulation)
Plant Nutrition (Chapter 37 – pgs.803-806)
o Know the macronutrients needed by a plant and the form that can be usable to plants (Table 37.1)
o Know the types of atoms found in each major macromolecule (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
and Proteins)
o Be able to identify a structural diagram as a lipid, Carbohydrate, Nucleic Acid or Protein
o Know the major purpose of the following macronutrient or micronutrients (K+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
Cu2+, and Ni2+)
o Know the major in’s and out’s of the plant (picture with notes)
Plant Structure and Growth (Chapter 35 – pgs. 756-765)
o Know the three basic organs of plants
o Know the three types of tissues in plants
o Be able to provide multiple examples of specialized cells within each tissue category
o Be able to provide multiple evolutionary adaptations that have allowed plants to survive on land as
opposed to in water
o Be able to identify any type of tissue or cell in the diagrams on pages 758-765 (parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, sieve tube members/companion cells and roots, stems and leaves)
Water properties (Chapter 3 – pgs. 44-50)
o Be able to draw water molecules and show/explain what a hydrogen bond is
o Be able to compare/contrast cohesion, adhesion, capillary action and surface tension
o Know that the unit kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie (capital C) -- this is a unit of energy
o You should understand the concept of specific heat and why water has a high specific heat
o You should also be able to explain why the high specific heat of water enables organisms to survive
o You should also be able to explain evaporation cooling and how it contributes to prevention of
overheating in animals and plants. ( I wonder where evaporative cooling takes place in a plant?) huh!
o Know the following terms -- solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution
o Be able to explain why water is the universal solvent
o Be able to explain what happens to NaCl , C6H12O6 , or proteins in water. Be able to compare and
contrast dissociation, dissolve, and soluble.
o Be able to compare and contrast hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Water potential and Membranes (notes throughout the year or chapter 7 if you need extra help)
o Be able to explain why a phospholipid bilayer is semi-permeable and what type of “things” can easily
travel through the phospholipids
o Be able to compare and contrast the following types of transport -- diffusion, active transport,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis
o Be able to define the following terms – electrochemical gradient, passive transport, hypertonic,
hypotonic, isotonic, osmoregulation, turgid, flaccid, and plasmolysis
o Be able to explain how a proton pump sets up an electrochemical gradient and how this can be utilized
for co-transport of negatively charged polyatomic ions and sucrose.
o Be able to explain what water potential is
o Be able to explain conceptually how solute concentration, solute ionization, temperature, and
pressure affect water potential. You should be able to explain these conceptually as well as
mathematically.
o You should be able to apply your knowledge of the water potential equation to answer multiple types
of questions (plant cell in a beaker filled with solution ; animal cell filled in a beaker with solution ;
application of movement of xylem or phloem utilizing the equation)
o You should able to explain the purpose of aquaporins and how they affect water transport
Transport in Plants (Chapter 36) -- pgs. 778-798
o Be able to explain the difference between diffusion and bulk flow. Explain what sets up bulk flow in
the phloem and in the xylem of plants.
o You should be able draw and explain the types of proteins needed in the membrane of a root hair cell
or root cortex cell that allow it to actively transport polyatomic ions and minerals into the xylem. You
should also be able to explain the role of aquaporins in water transport into the xylem.
o You should be able to explain what happens to the pH of soil when proton pumps are functioning in
the dermal layer.
o You should be able to explain the purpose of the endodermal cells and Casparian strip
o You should be able to apply your knowledge of the water potential equation to the following . . .
1. concentration gradient in the root hair cells/cortex cells/endodermal cells and eventually
the xylem. (what part of the equation is being affected here?)
2. the development of root pressure (what part of the equation is changing here?)
3. how/why the leaf has lower water potential than the rest of the plant – transpiration and
temperature ( what parts of the equation are affected here?)
o You should be able to explain the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism of xylem movement
o You should be able to draw/ explain what causes stomata to open/close. You should include the
involvement of blue light , membrane proteins, and water movement.
o You should be able to explain at least 5 specific adaptations that evolved to minimize water loss in
plants.
o You should be able to explain the source to sink mechanism of phloem movement and apply it to
water potential.
Regulation of the internal Environment --Thermoregulation (Chapter 40 – pgs 878-887)
o Be able to compare/contrast and ectotherm and endotherm and explain how they regulate body
temperature.
o Provide multiple adaptations by birds and mammals that are utilized for thermal regulation
o Provide multiple behavioral adaptations utilized by amphibians and reptiles for thermal regulation
Labs
o Cellular respiration lab – you should know the basic set-up of a respirometer and explain how we
calculated respiration rate in the lab. You should be able to calculate corrected difference and explain
why you had to account for the change in the beads only respirometer. You should also be able to
apply this knowledge to new situations.
o Enzyme Lab – You should know concepts developed in the enzyme lab including confidence in data
regarding standard error of mean (SEM).