PLANT OF ATTACK
For the AP Biology Exam
Fiser AP Biology
Student Research/Self Study
TOPICS WE NEED TO REALLY UNDERSTAND:
Mader Ch 23: Plants come from green algae.(Campbell Ch
29/30)
Mader Ch 24: Roots, stems, and leaves work together. (C Ch
35)
Mader Ch 25: Mycorrhizae, Water transport, Stomata
regulation (Campbell Chapter 36)(Campbell Chapter 37 is
Nutrition)
Mader Ch 26: Cell Communication; Ethylene; Phototropism;
Photoperiodism; Immune Responses (Campbell Chapter 39)
Mader Ch 27: Seed Germination (Campbell Chapter 38)
I.
Effect of climate changes
COLLEGE BOARD ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
1.A.2.a.IE Environments change and act as selective
mechanism on populations. IE: Flowering time in relation to
global climate change.
4.C.2.b.IE An organism’s adaptation to the local
environment reflects a flexible response of its genome. IE:
Alterations in timing of flowering due to climate changes.
2.A.1.d.1.IE Organisms use various strategies to regulate
body temperature and metabolism. IE: Elevated floral
temperatures in some plant species.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
1___A. http://www.skepticalscience.com/Flowers-bloomingearlier-now-than-any-time-in-last-250-years.html
2___B.
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/201
2/05/climate-change-prompts-plants-to-flower-faster/1
3___C. WATCH AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
http://vimeo.com/39352483
4___D. EXPLAIN THE EFFECT CLIMATE CHANGES ARE HAVING ON
FLOWERING TIMES:
5___E. READ THE FOLLOWING:
Plants can be damaged at temperature extremes when enzyme
structures are altered or membranes change their
properties. As many important enzymes that are involved in
photosynthesis and respiration are embedded in plant
membranes, extremes of temperature can be a major problem.
6.WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN ENZYMES LOOSE THEIR CONFORMATION
DUE TO EXTREME TEMPERATURES?________
_______________________________________________
II. Seasons, night-length and
plants.
2.A.1.d.2.IE Reproduction and rearing of offspring require
free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth.
Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in
response to energy availability. IE: Seasonal reproduction
in animals and plants; Life-history strategy (biennial
plants)
2.A.1.f.IE Changes in free energy availability can result
in disruptions to an ecosystem. IE Change in the producer
level can affect the number and size of other trophic
levels; Change in energy resources level such as sunlight
can affect the number and size of the trophic levels.
2.C.2.a.IE Organisms respond to changes in their external
environments. Organisms respond to changes in their
environments through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms. IE: Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants.
2.E.2.a.1 In plants, physiological events involve
interactions between environmental stimuli and internal
molecular signals. Phototropism, or the response to the
presence of light.
2.E.2.a.2 Photoperiodism, or the response to change in
length of the night, that results in flowering in long-day
and short-day plants.
2.E.3.b.1 In phototropism in plants, changes in the light
source lead to differential growth, resulting in maximum
exposure of leaves to light for photosynthesis.
2.E.3.b.2 In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the
length of night regulate flowering and preparation for
winter.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
7____ A. http://www.ehow.com/list_7397582_annual_perennial-biennial-plants.html
8____ B. http://extension.missouri.edu/p/MG2 (LIFE CYCLE
PORTION ONLY)
9____C. COMPARE ANNUAL, BINENNIAL, AND PERINNIAL PLANTS.
WHEN DO THEY FLOWER AND HOW IS THIS RELATED TO THEIR
UTILIZATION OF ENERGY?
READ AND TAKE NOTES FROM BOOKS:
10.D. ___ Mader Book phototropism P. 483
11.E. ___ Mader Book photoperiodism p. 486-487
12.F. ___ Campbell book p. 806-807 Photoperiodism
VIEW THE FOLLOWING ANIMATION:
13.G. ___ http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter41/animation
_-_phytochrome_signaling.html
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEOS
14.H. ___ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dju6tTb55Fw
15.I.____ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGOs8OLJpaY
16.J. ________FILL IN THE FOLLOWING WORKSHEETS
Worksheets from Nicole Cabase, Diamond Bar HS, Diamond Bar,
CA
______________________________________________
III. Water Transport in
Plants
2.A.3.a.3.IE Living systems depend on properties of water
that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding. IE:
Cohesion and Adhesion
2.A.3.b.1IE As cells increase in volume, the relative
surface are decreases and demand for material resources
increases; more cellular structures are necessary to
adequately exchange materials and energy with the
environment. IE: Root hairs
2.B.1.c Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well
as a permeability barrier for some substances to the
internal environments.
2.B.1.c.1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are
external to the cell membrane.
4.A.4.a.IE Interactions and coordination between organs
provide essential biological activities. IE: Root, stem,
leaf
4.A.4.b.IE Interactions and coordination between systems
provide essential biological activities. IE: Plant vascular
and leaf.
4.B.2.a.2 Organisms have areas or compartments that perform
a subset of functions related to energy and matter, and
these parts contribute to the whole. Within multicellular
organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the
overall functioning of the organism.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
17.A. ___Mader page 437. Root hairs described top right of
page.
18.B. ___Campbell p. 744-745 Roots, Mycorrhize
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
19.C. ___Mader P 464-466 Water Transport
20.D. ___Campbell p. 739 diagram (GREAT)
21.E. ___Campbell p. 748 Cohesion
22.F. ______Label the following diagram and explain the overview of transport in a
vascular plant. Campbell p. 739
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO: (THIS WILL HELP
WITH THIS UNIT’S INVESTIGATION LAB)
Bozeman Biology on the Transpiration Lab:
23.G. ___ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEfmTok3OCo
24.H. ____Label the diagram and use it to explain how water potential affects
transport of nutrients and minerals through vascular plants. Campbell p. 748
25. I. ___ View animation on transpiration:
http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/
0031.swf
26. J.___LOOK AND READ: Diagram Mader p. 69;
27. K.-----LOOK AND READ: Diagram Cellulose as
polysaccharide: Mader p. 43
28. L. Label the parts of a flower in the following diagram: Campbell p. 713
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
29.M.___ Read page 434-435 Section on Roots, Stems, and
Leaves
30. N.___ Campbell page 713-716
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
IV. Feedback
2.C.1.a.IE Negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic
homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by
regulating physiological processes, returning the changing
condition back to its target set point. IE: Plant
responses to water limitations.
2.C.1.b.IE Positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses
and processes in biological organisms. The variable
initiating the response is moved farther away from the
initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the stimulus
is further activated which, in turn, initiates an
additional response that produces system change. IE:
Ripening of fruit.
2.D.2.c.IE Homeostatic control system in species of
microbes, plants and animals support common ancestory. IE
Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants.
2.D.2.b.IE Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining
nutrients and eliminating wastes. IE: Gas exchange in
aquatic and terrestrial plants.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
31.A. ___LOOK AND READ: Pictures Mader p. 463. Wilted and
Turgid
32.B. ___ Mader p. 466: Opening and closing of stomata.
33.C. ___ Campbell p. 749-751 Stomata: water and gas
regulation
34.D. ___ Campbell p. 810-812 Environmental stresses
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
35.E. ---- Mader p. 480-481 Ethylene
36.A. ---- Campbell p. 799 Ethylene
View and take notes on the following videos.
36.B. ___http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg
36.C. ____http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLv3SkF_Eag
___________________________________________
V: Immunity
2.D.4.a.IE Plants and animals have a variety of chemical
defenses against infections that affect dynamic
homeostasis. Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates have
multiple, nonspecific immune responses. IE: Plant defenses
against pathogens include molecular recognition systems
with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical
responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus
localizing the effects.
3.D.2.b.IE Cells communicate over short distances by using
local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the
emitting cell. IE: Plant immune response.
READ AND TAKE CHAPTER NOTES:
37.A.
38.B.
39.C.
40.D.
41.A.
___
___
___
___
___
Mader p. 488-489
Campbell p. 812-815
Campbell p. 788-790 Plant cell communication
Cell communication page 474
Campbell p. 797 Gibberellins
_
41.B.Complete the following figure, and explain what it is showing.
41.C Complete the following figure and explain what it is
showing. 7 steps Campbell page 815.
_______________________________________________
VI. Cell Communication
2.E.1.b.3 Timing and coordination of specific events are
necessary for the normal development of an organism, and
these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
Induction of transcription factors during development
results in sequential gene expression. Temperature and the
availability of water determine seed germination in most
plants.
3.B.2.a.IE Signal transmission within and between cells
mediates gene expression. IE: Ethylene levels cause changes
in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to
ripen. IE: Seed germination.
2.E.1.c.IE Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role
in the normal development and differentiation. IE: Flower
development.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
42.A. ___ Mader p. 504 Seed Germination
43.B. ___ Campbell p. 798 Gibberellins and seed germination
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEOS:
44.C. ___ Video on seed germination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ij1eW_gsrM
45.D. ___ Bozeman Biology Hormone video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdwIcIkSoBY
46. E. ___ Interesting seed footage with and without
hormone.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsEZ5IiZC7k
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
47. F. ___ Campbell p. 800 Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
48. G. ___
http://www.plantcellbiology.com/2012/01/apoptosis-as-youhave-never-seen-it-before/
VII. CHROMOSOMES
3.C.1.c.1 Changes in chromosome number often result in new
phenotypes, including, including sterility caused by
triploidy and increase vigor of other polyploids.
1.C.2.b Speciation can occur rapidly through mechanisms
such as polyploidy.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
49. A. ___ Mader P. 397 polyploidy of plants
VIEW AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
AUTOPLOIDY
50. B. ___ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49pVJRkvUAs
______________________________________________
VIII. MUTUALISM:
2.E.3.b.4.IE Cooperative behavior within or between
populations contributes to the survival of the populations.
IE: Mutualistic relationships such as mycorrhizae.
READ AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:
51. A. ___ Mader p. 461; 442; 404-405
52. B. ___ Campbell p. 766-767 Mycorrhizae
WATCH AND TAKE NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING VIDEO:
53. C. ___ http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/10054/howmycorrhizae-works-how-mycorrhizae-will-increase-plantgrowth-and-survival-rates
Now look at picture Campbell page 610.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
3.E.1.b.IE Communication occurs through
Living systems have a variety of signal
that produce changes in the behavior of
can result in differential reproductive
Coloration in flowers.
various mechanisms.
behaviors or cues
other organisms and
success. IE:
4.C.2.a.IE Environmental factors influence many traits both
directly and indirectly. IE: Flower color based on soil pH;
Density of plant hairs as a function of herbivory.
READ AND TAKE NOTES:
University of Georgia:
College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Hydrangea blooms turn colors based on soil pH levels
54. A. ____
http://www.caes.uga.edu/applications/gafaces/?public=viewSt
ory&pk_id=4542
READ AND TAKE NOTES: Paragraph from Book:
55. B. ____ Leaf Trichome Formation and Plant Resistance to
Herbivory