Motivation at Work
Group 2
Tina Exum
David Embers
Morgan Bowne
Wei Cai
Blueprint
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Define motivation
Manslow’s hierachy of needs
Theory of motivation
Expectancy theory
Motivation
Motivation
Motivation is the process of arousing and
sustaining goal-directed behavior.
• next level
• When a level of needs is
satisfied, it no longer motivates.
Individuals then move on to the
next level of needs
• Individuals drive toward selfactualization
Motivation
Three Theories of Motivation
 Internal
Focus on variables within individual that lead to
motivation and behavior.
 Process
Emphasize nature of interaction between individual and
environment.
 External
Focus on elements in the environment to explain
motivation and behavior.
Motivation
MANSLOW HIERACHY OF NEEDS
Maslow wanted to understand what
motivates people. He believed that
individuals possess a set of motivation
systems unrelated to rewards. Maslow
(1943) stated that people are motivated
to achieve certain needs. When one need
is fulfilled a person seeks to fulifil the
next one, and so on.
The earliest and most widespread
version of Maslow's (1943, 1954)
hierarchy of needs includes five
motivational needs, often depicted as
hierachical levels within a pyramid.
1
Motivation
MANSLOW HIERACHY OF NEEDS
Example From Case Study:
The process of constructing a
green/energy efficient building must
be done through levels of needs.
Levels will focus on cost reduction and
waste reduction and will achieve
productivity and profitability. To
achieve success in constructing a green
building we must start from the
bottom and finish then progress to the
next level
McGreggors Theory X and Theory Y
Lower Order Needs:
-physiological
-safety needs
Higher Order Needs:
-Social
- esteem
- self-actualization
Motivation
McGreggor’s Theory X
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assumptions are suitable for those
individuals motivated by the lower
order needs
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that people lack ambition, dislike
responsibility and work as little as
possible
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prefer to be lead, but are also
resistant to change
Motivation
McGreggor’s Theory Y
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For individuals motivated by the
higher order needs
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organized, have potential for
development, and assume
responsibility
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strong and ready to direct others
and excel at task management.
Motivation
McGreggor’s X Theory and Y Theory
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Now, this theory is helpful when one
recognizes an individual’s
achievement of Theory Y. Because of
the recognition of Theory Y, Fortune
1000 corporations arise and excel at
employee motivations.
Example From Case Study:
-Theory X individuals that are having to be
persuaded understand that there is a need to
save energy and go green.
-Theory Y position are doing whatever needs
to be done to save our communities.
Motivation
McGreggor’s X Theory and Y Theory
Motivation
Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Moral Maturity
Motivation Problems
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1. Failure to believe in a correlation
between effort and performance
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2. Believing that performance will
not cause rewards.
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3. Rewards are unappealing or
dissatisfying to one and thus the
reward offered is no longer desired
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Moral Maturity is measured by
someone’s moral development and
decisions based upon ethical
principles.
Motivation
Expectancy Theory of
Motivation
3 key points:
1. Valence: Value or importance
of something to an individual
2. Expectancy: Belief that efforts
lead to performance
3. Instrumentality: Performance
correlates to rewards
Motivation
Expectancy Theory
It explains motivation in terms of an individual’s perception of the
performance process.
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Two Basic Notions of
Expectancy Theory
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1. People expect certain
Example From Case Study
outcomes of behavior and
performance.
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2. People believe that the
effort they put forth is
related to the performance
they achieve and the
outcomes they receive
Motivations
Model of Expectancy Theory
Example From Case Study
Pittsburgh city
Motivations