Introduction
to the Plant
Kingdom
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1
Early Ancestors
Aquatic to Terrestrial Life
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2
Aquatic Ancestor
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green algae
Chara
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3
Algae & Land Plant Similarities
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Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids
Store starch in plastids
Cellulose in cell walls
Go through Alternation of Generations life
Cycle
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Aquatic Habitat
Terrestrial Habitat
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Living in Aquatic Environments
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Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry
out
Sperm swims to egg
Water supports plant
Plants stay in upper surface near light
Absorb nutrients from the H2O
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Plant Adaptations to Land
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Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height
for Light
Adaptations for
Drier environment
Reproduction
Solutions:
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Roots absorb H2O &
minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell
walls
Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle & stomata
with guard cells
Pollen containing sperm
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7
How Are Plants All
Alike?
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Plant Characteristics
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Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose
(polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
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9
Plant Reproduction
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Alternation of generations life cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo protected
inside multicellular haploid
(gametophyte egg sac) tissue
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Plant Reproduction
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Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces
haploid spores by meiosis
Haploid spores undergo mitosis to
produce gametophyte stage
Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and
sperm) by meiosis
Zygote (2n) produces the new
sporophyte
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Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with
plant embryo
Ovary with 1n
ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte
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12
Plant Divisions
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13
Taxonomy
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Plants are divided
into two groups
Based on the
presence or absence
of an internal
transport system for
water and dissolved
materials
Called Vascular
System
Vascular
Bundles
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Vascular System
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Xylem tissue carries water and minerals
upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by
photosynthesis from the leaves to
where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem
or phloem
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Nonvascular Plants
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Do not have
vascular tissue for Sporophyte stage
support or
conduction of
materials
Called Bryophytes
Require a constantly
moist environment
Gametophyte
Stage
Moss Gametophytes &
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Sporophytes
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Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
 Cells must be in direct contact with
moisture
 Materials move by diffusion cell-tocell
 Sperm must swim to egg through
water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
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Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts
(Hepatophyta), and hornworts
(Antherophyta)
Liverworts
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Hornworts
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Main Parts of Vascular Plants
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Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Vascular Plants
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Also called
Tracheophytes
Subdivided into
two groups -Seedless vascular
plants and Seedbearing vascular
plants
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Club Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants
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Includes club moss (Lycophyta),
horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns
(Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
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Horsetails
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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
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Includes two groups – Gymnosperms
and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in
cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce
seeds to attract pollinators and produce
seeds
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22
Gymnosperms
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Coniferophyta are
known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar,
spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
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Contains the
oldest living plant
– Bristle cone pine
Contains the
tallest living plant
– Sequoia or
redwood
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg
or ovule is fertilized by pollen in
the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male
(stamen) and/or female
(ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced
from these ripened ovaries (help
disperse seeds)
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Angiosperms
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Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots
and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots
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Parallel venation
in leaves
Flower parts in
multiples of 3
Vascular tissue
scattered in cross
section of stem
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Dicots
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Net venation in
leaves
Flower parts in
multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in
rings in cross
section of stem
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Plant Uses
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Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
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Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many
organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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More Reasons We Can’t do
Without Plants!
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Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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Additional Plant Notes
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Plant Cells and Tissues
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Plant tissues are made of 3 basic cells types:
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Parenchyma Cells
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most common;
store starch, oils, and water;
can be found throughout plant;
location of photosynthesis;
can divide throughout life, so impt for healing
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Collenchyma Cells
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varying thickness of cell walls;
most common in younger tissues of leaves and
shoots; think of celery strings;
flexible (cell walls lack lignin)
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Scherenchyma Cells
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the strongest of the three;
second cell wall hardened by lignin (tough and
durable);
can’t grow, so found in parts that are done
growing;
many die at maturity;
make up the support system and waterconducting tissues
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36
Plant Growth
Meristematic tissues cause primary growth
(lengthening) and secondary growth (widening)
 Cambium – actively growing cells that undergo
mitosis
 Cork cambium produces bark
 Vascular cambium produces xylem and
phloem
 Root caps protect the meristem tissue, and
root hairs absorb water and nutrients
from the soil
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Plant Growth
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Secondary growth of woody plants leads to
ring formation. The age of a tree can be
determined by counting the number of rings.
Climate and other
environmental
conditions such as
fire are also visible.
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39
Plant Organs: Made of 3 Tissue
Systems
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Can be made up of the 3 basic cell types, or
additional cell types (dermal, ground,
vascular)
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40
Dermal Tissue System
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Plants’ “skin”
Called epidermis
Made of live parenchyma in the non-woody
parts of plants
Wax-coated substance is sometimes secreted
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41
Ground Tissue System
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Provides support and stores materials in roots
and stems
In leaves- contain chloroplasts
Consists of all cell types, but parenchyma is
the most common
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42
Vascular Tissue System
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Surrounded by ground tissue
Transports water, minerals, nutrients, &
organic compounds
Made up of 2 networks
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Xylem- water and dissolved minerals
Phloem- products of photosynthesis
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43
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How does water get from one point (the
roots) to another (the stem or leaves)?
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44
Cohesion-Tension Theory
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Think of the physical properties of water…
Which vascular tissue would this take place
in?
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