GHSGT PREP
Table of Content
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World Studies…………………..
U.S. History to 1865…………….
U.S. History since 1865…………
Civic/Citizenship………………..
Map and Globe Skills…………...
Information Processing Skills…..
World Studies
World Studies
The World Studies portion of the
GHSGT will test your knowledge over
various people and events in World
History.
Part I: World Studies
This portion of the World Studies review
presentation is a brief overview of
Ancient Civilizations through the
Enlightenment (1700s).
AZTEC INDIANS
They were a
Mesoamerican
Indian culture.
-devastated by
Cortez and the
Spanish in the
1520’s.
INCA INDIANS
They were a South
American Indian
culture in Peru.
-devastated by
Pizarro and the
Spanish in the
1530’s.
RENAISSANCE
The word,
“Renaissance”
means, “Rebirth.”
The Renaissance
was a rebirth of the
classics of ancient
Greece & Rome.
It began in Italy in
the 14th c. (1300s).
SPAIN
-country that sponsored
Christopher Columbus’
voyage in 1492.
Ferdinand & Isabella
were monarchs.
“In fourteen hundred
and ninety two,
Columbus sailed the
ocean blue.”
JOHANN GUTENBERG
He introduced
movable type (the
printing press) to
Europe in the 15th
Century (1455).
This was a faster &
less expensive way
to copy books.
First full-sized book
printed> Holy Bible
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
- begun by Martin
Luther in 1517
- attacked the
beliefs of the
Catholic Church.
- resulted in a split
in the Catholic
Church (Catholics &
Protestants)
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
This was the overthrow
of James II of England
in 1688, which gave
Parliament control of
the government
-called “Glorious”
because there was no
bloodshed.
William & Mary take
over the throne.
ENLIGHTENMENT
This was an 18th c.
(1700’s) intellectual
movement
Began in France.
Enlightenment
thinkers, called
“philosophes”
questioned accepted
ways of thinking.
Part II: World Studies
This portion of the World Studies review
presentation is a brief overview of the
Revolutionary Period (1700s) through
the Post WWII period (1900s).
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
This was the first
successful colonial
independence
movement against a
European power
(England), 17751783.
Great Britain vs.
American colonies
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
This was a
revolution in France
from 1789-1800 that
was inspired by the
American
Revolution.
A bloody revolution
where 1000s died
on the guillotine.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
He was a military
leader who took
control of France in
1800, establishing
an empire over the
next two decades.
He was finally
defeated at
Waterloo, Belgium.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
This was a series of
economic and
mechanical changes
beginning in Great
Britain in the 1700s
and spreading to the
rest of the world in
the 18th to 20th
centuries.
KARL MARX
This was a German
socialist best known
for writing “The
Communist
Manifesto” in 1848.
He is known as the
father of
Communism.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
This Islamic empire
was finally
dismantled after
World War I
(became Turkey).
Germany, AustriaHungary, and the
Ottoman Empire
were the losers in
WW I.
GERMANY
This is the country
that started WWII in
Europe in 1939 with
its invasion of
Poland.
Symbol of the Nazi
Party was the
“swastika.”
ADOLPH HITLER
This was the
totalitarian leader of
Nazi Germany
during World War II.
History blames him
for the Holocaust!
BENITO MUSSOLINI
He was a leader of
Italy during World
War II and ally to
Adolph Hitler.
He created the first
fascist state through
the use of terror and
propaganda.
“Il Duce”
JAPAN
This was the last of
the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy, and
Japan) to surrender
in WWII.
It was the target of
atomic warfare in
1945 (Hiroshima and
Nagasaki).
GANDHI
This was the leader
of the Indian
independence
movement in the
mid-20th century.
known for his
nonviolent protests.
Martin Luther King,
Jr. studied his work.
MAO ZEDONG
This was the leader
of the 20th century
Communist
revolution in China.
COLD WAR
- name given to the
relations between
the U.S. and the
Soviet Union
following WWII
(second half of the
20th century)
Resulted in the
buildup of nuclear
weapons.
NATO
-an international
organization created
by the U.S. and its
allies in 1949 to
prevent attacks by
the Soviet Union.
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization.
UNITED NATIONS
-an international
organization created
following WWII to
provide a way to
negotiate disputes.
The point was to
make countries talk
before fighting.
APARTHEID
This was a name
given to the racial
discrimination
policies in South
Africa through most
of the 20th century
(1900’s).
Type Information
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U.S. History to 1865
Aztecs
They were a
Mesoamerican
Indian culture that
was devastated by
Cortez and the
Spanish in the
1520s.
INCA INDIANS
They were a South
American Indian
culture that was
devastated by
Pizarro and the
Spanish in the
1530’s.
Conquistadores
These are Spanish
explorers who
conquered native
American cultures.
Encomienda
This was the system by
which the Spanish
government rewarded
its governors in the
Americas with title to
land and permission
to enslave any natives
living on that land.
St. Augustine
This was the oldest
continually occupied
European settlement
in North America. It
was founded on
August 28, 1565, by
the Spanish.
Columbian Exchange
This was the
enormously
widespread transfer
of agricultural
goods between the
Eastern and Western
Hemispheres that
occurred
after 1492.
Jamestown
This was the first
permanent English
colony in the New
World.
John Smith
He was an English
soldier and sailor,
who is now
remembered for
helping to establish
Jamestown, the first
permanent English
colony in North
America.
Headright System
This was the system
sponsored by
English colonies to
grant land to the
person who
purchases passage
to the colony from
Europe.
House of Burgesses
This was the first
representative
government in North
America located in
Virginia.
Indentured servants
In U.S. History, this
is the name for
people who were
forced into labor for
a certain period of
time in return for
their paid passage
to North America.
Mayflower Compact
This was the first
governing document
of Plymouth Colony,
signed by the
Pilgrims in
November of 1620.
Benjamin Franklin
This was a printer,
scientist and
inventor who helped
write both the
Declaration of
Independence and
the Constitution.
Great Awakening
This was a religious
revival that
promised the grace
of God to all who
could experience a
desire for it.
French And Indian War
Battles between
France and England
in the new world
resulting in the loss
of all French
possessions.
Samuel Adams
This was an
American
revolutionary who
led the Boston Tea
Party.
Sons of Liberty
This group of
Patriots was formed
in 1765 and urged
colonial resistance to
the Stamp Act using
any means
available… even
violence.
Paul Revere
This was an
American silversmith
who warned of the
advance of the
British on Lexington
and Concord.
Boston Tea Party
This was a political
protest by Boston,
Massachusetts
residents against the
British parliament
partly in response to
the 1765 stamp act.
Mercantilism
This was the economic
philosophy that control
of imports was the key
to enhancing the health
of a nation and that
Colonies existed to
serve the home country
as a source of raw
materials and a market
for manufactured
goods.
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD
Battles where first
shots of the
American Revolution
were fired
Second Continental Congress
Convened in May of
1775
Drafted Olive Branch
Petition to avoid war
with Britain
Eventually declared
independence over a
year later
Valley Forge
Site of the
headquarters of the
Continental Army
under George
Washington during
the American
Revolution
Symbol of sacrifice
Saratoga
This battle marked
the turning point in
the American
Revolution because
the French entered
the war on the side
of the colonies
Treaty of Paris of 1783
This document
formally ended the
American Revolution
Britain was forced to
recognize American
independence
Articles of Confederation
First constitution of
the United States
Established first
government
Created in 1777
Northwest Ordinance
Major
accomplishment of
federal government
under Articles of
Confederation
Provided a way to
add more states to
the union
John Locke
British philosopher
who came up with
idea of social
contract
Government’s only
purpose was to
protect man’s
natural rights
Shays’ Rebellion
Uprising of farmers
in Massachusetts in
1786
Feared losing land
due to taxes
Showed the
weakness of the
federal government
Philadelphia Convention
Meeting called in
1787 to AMEND the
Articles of
Confederation
Instead WROTE our
present constitution
James Madison
Author of the
Virginia Plan at the
constitutional
convention
Known as “Father of
Constitution”
because of his
journals
republic
Form of government
run by elected
leaders
Chosen as plan for
United States
government at
constitutional
convention
Great Compromise
At the constitutional
convention in 1787, this
deal used parts of
Virginia Plan and New
Jersey Plan
Created bicameral
Congress with one
house based on
population and one on
an equal number from
each state
Bill of Rights
First ten
amendments to the
constitution
Written to protect
individual against
the federal
government
Abigail Adams
Before she became the 2nd “First Lady”
of the United States, she urged her
husband to “remember the ladies” and
consider the needs and rights of women
as well as men when forming the new
nation.
Federalist Papers
Written by
Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison, and
John Jay
Purpose was to
persuade people of
New York to ratify
the constitution
Alexander Hamilton
“Founding Father”
Author of Federalist
Papers
First secretary of
treasury and
architect of our first
fiscal plan
Killed in duel with
Aaron Burr
Protective tariff
Tax on imported
goods
Designed to prevent
domestic companies
from having to
compete with
foreign goods of
lower price
Excise tax
Tax added to certain
items to raise
money
Established by
Alexander Hamilton
Excise tax on
whiskey led to
Whiskey Rebellion
XYZ Affair
Under John Adams,
French demanded
American
ambassadors pay
“tribute” to see
French diplomats
Almost led to war
with France
Alien and Sedition Acts
passed under John
Adams, these laws
were supposed to
suppress opposition
to the government
Serious violation of
principles of free
speech spelled out
in first amendment
of Bill of Rights
Marbury v. Madison
This was the first decision of the
Supreme Court of the United States to
declare an act of Congress
unconstitutional, thus establishing the
doctrine of judicial review.
John Marshall
This was the “great Chief Justice,” he
presided over the case of Marbury v.
Madison and was remembered as the
principal English colony in North
America.
Louisiana Purchase
1803, American acquisition from France
of the formerly Spanish region of
Louisiana .
This was a territory in the western U.S.
bought from France for $15 million.
Lewis & Clark
In 1803,, the U.S. purchased the
Louisiana Territory from France. This was
a huge tract of over 800,000 square
miles, taking in nearly the entire midsection of North America from presentday Texas and Louisiana up to Montana
and North Dakota. This almost doubled
the size of the new country.
Sacagawea
A near-legendary figure in the history of
the American West for her indispensible
role on the Lewis and Clark Expedition,
Sacagawea has become an enigma for
historians seeking to trace her later life.
She was the daughter of a Shoshone
chief.
Impressments
This was the practice of the British Navy
to stop U.S. ships on the open ocean
and force crewmen into British naval
service.
New Orleans
This was a Battle during the War of
1812 fought after it ended, this paved
the way for Andrew Jackson to
presidency.
Era of Good Feelings
1815–25) Period of U.S. national unity
and complacency. A Boston newspaper
coined the term in 1817 to describe a
nation free from the influence of
European political and military events.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S.
doctrine which, on December 2, 1823,
proclaimed that European powers
should no longer colonize or interfere
with the affairs of the nations of the
Americas
Spoils System
The spoils system involves political
activity by public employees in support
of their party and the employees'
removal from office if their party loses
the election.
Suffrage
This is the right to vote.
National Road
It was known by several names: the
National Road, the Cumberland Road
and the National Pike. It was the first
federally sponsored highway and was
quite a feat for its day. In Europe there
had been. Construction on this began in
1811 and was the first federally funded
turnpike in the U.S.
Nullification
Nullification is a constitutional theory
that gives an individual state the right
to declare null and void any law passed
by the United States Congress which
the state deems unacceptable and
unconstitutional.
Indian Removal Act
This granted tribes unsettled western
prairie land in exchange for their
territories within state borders, mainly
in the Southeast.
Trail Of Tears
This was the forced migration of the
Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in 183839.
Transcendentalism
American transcendentalism was an
important movement in philosophy and
literature that flourished during the
early to middle years of the nineteenth
century (about 1836-1860).
Mormon Trail
This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois
to Salt Lake City Utah.
DOROTHEA DIX
This was a U.S. social reformer on
behalf of the mentally ill.
Susan B. Anthony
This was a Women’s suffrage pioneer
who also urged for emancipation.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
This was a U.S.
social reformer and
women’s suffrage
leader.
Seneca Falls Declaration
This was crafted during
a rally for women’s
rights in upstate New
York in 1848, and
asserted that women
deserved the same
rights as men, rights
which were guaranteed
in both the Declaration
of Independence and
the U.S. Constitution.
Missouri Compromise
– This was a
congressional
agreement of 1820
which included the
admission of one
free and one slave
state to maintain
the balance of free
and slave states in
the Union.
Nat Turner
He attempted to lead a
slave revolt in Virginia
in 1838, and though it
was unsuccessful (he
was executed for his
violence), his actions
represented a change in
tone in the abolition
movement
Abolitionists
People who fought
for emancipation of
the slaves and to
end the slave trade.
William Lloyd Garrison
This was a U.S.
Journalist who
founded the radical
newspaper The
Liberator, and
fought to abolish
slavery.
Frederick Douglass
This was a U.S.
abolitionist who
founded the North
Star.
Underground Railroad
This was a system
of secret “safehouses” and hiding
places to aid
runaway slaves
escape.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
This was a U.S.
philanthropist who
wrote Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.
Compromise of 1850
This was an agreement
that California would be
admitted to the Union,
the slave trade in the
District of Columbia
would be restricted, and
the Fugitive Slave Law
would be enforced.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854 Stephen A.
Douglas introduced
this to the Senate,
to allow states to
enter the Union with
or without slavery.
Dred Scott Decision
This was a 1857
Supreme Court
decision that a
slave, because he
was not a citizen,
could not sue for his
freedom..
Border States
These were slave
states which did not
secede from the
Union prior to the
US Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln’s
order that all slaves
who were located in
seceded states were
to be freed.
Jefferson Davis
This politician from
Mississippi was once
Secretary of War for
President Franklin
Pierce, thought he is
more known for
being the first and
only President of the
Confederate States
of America.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
This was a military
campaign embarked
upon by the United
States Army in late
1864 which destroyed
property along a wide
swath south from
Atlanta to the Atlantic
Ocean in order to
punish the Confederates
for starting the war.
Ulysses S. Grant
This Union General
made a name for
himself at the siege at
Vicksburg, though he
later defeated Robert E.
Lee’s Army of Northern
Virginia to end the Civil
War.
He would later be the
18th President of the
United States (1869–
1877).
Andrew Johnson
17th president of the
U.S., clashed with
Radical Republicans
over Reconstruction
programs; was
impeached, then
acquitted in 1868 by
one vote.
Black Codes
Special laws passed by
southern state
governments
immediately after the
Civil War. They were
designed to control
former slaves, and to
subvert the intent of the
Thirteenth Amendment.
Poll Tax
A special fee a
person must pay in
order to vote. Used
in the PostReconstruction
South to deny the
right to vote to the
newly freed slaves.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to
separate blacks and
whites which were
degrading to African
Americans.
Ku Klux Klan
A “secret society”
pledged to defend
the “social and
political superiority
of the white race
against aggressions
of an inferior race.”
Carpetbaggers
An insulting
nickname for a
Northern Republican
who moved to the
South after the Civil
War. The name
references their
inexpensive
luggage.
Scalawags
Native white
Southern politicians
who joined the
Republican party
after the war and
advocated the
acceptance of and
compliance with
congressional
Reconstruction.
U.S. History since 1865
Thomas Edison
Known as the
“Wizard of Menlo
Park,” he is famous
for his hundred of
inventions, including
the incandescent
light bulb,
phonograph, the
Dictaphone, and
hundreds of others.
John D. Rockefeller
The New York
industrialist who
made hundreds of
millions of dollars in
the 19th century
with this Standard
Oil Company and
pioneered the
corporate strategy of
vertical integration.
Andrew Carnegie
This Scottish-born
American
industrialist made
his fortune in the
steel industry.
He also was known
for giving away
millions of dollars to
charities at the end
of the 19th century.
Gospel of Wealth
This was the
hypothesis that
wealth was the
great end and
aim of man, the
one thing needful.
Monopoly
This is a when
one company
controls the
market for a
certain product,
there is no
competition.
Antitrust
These are laws
and regulations
designed to
protect trade and
commerce from
unfair business
practices.
Sherman
Antitrust Act
Robber Barons
American capitalists
of the latter part of
the 19th century
who became wealthy
through exploitation
(as of natural
resources,
governmental
influence, or low
wage scales).
Rockefeller, Carnegie
Social Darwinism
This was the
theory that
people are
subject to natural
selection and
wealth was a sign
of superiority.
Laissez-Faire
French term that means “allow to do”,
the philosophy that government should
stay out of the market and let business
forces control the economy.
Nativism
In the late 19th
century, this political
and social movement
swept through the
United States, its
followers believing
that all people who
were not born in the
U.S. and were of
European heritage
should be banned
from the country.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This law, passed in
1882, forbade any
laborers from China
to enter the United
States for 10 years.
It was meant to
protect U.S. jobs in
the expanding West,
but its racial
overtones were
symptoms of larger
problems.
Urbanization
This is a rise in a
society's city
population.
Jane Addams
She was a founder of
Hull House, a
settlement house
that helped
immigrants of the
late 19th century
become acclimated
to life in the United
States, and was a
pioneer in the field
of social work.
Horatio Alger
This was a United
States author of
inspirational
adventure stories
for boys; virtue
and hard work
overcome
poverty.
Compromise of 1877
This was the solution
to the contested
Presidential election
of 1876 and
furthermore brought
an end to the period
of Reconstruction
following the Civil
War.
Booker T. Washington
This was a U.S.
educator and
reformer. He
became perhaps
the most
prominent African
American leader
of his time.
Atlanta Compromise
This classic statement on race relations
by Booker T. Washington made in 1895
at the Atlanta Exposition asserted that
vocational education coupled with
economic security was more valuable
than social equality or political office.
Plessy v. Ferguson
This was a U.S.
Supreme Court
decision that
established the
legality of racial
segregation so
long as facilities
were “separate
but equal.”
Manifest Destiny
The argument that
God had ordained
that United States
was destined to
expand across the
entire continent of
North America.
Gold Rush
The most important
event to attract
settlers west was
the discovery of gold
at Sutter’s Mill,
California in 1849.
Oregon Trail
Overland trail linking
Independence,
Missouri and Oregon
which was used by
many pioneers
during the 1840’s.
Homestead Act
Legislation passed in
1862 allowing any
citizen or applicant
for citizenship over
21 years old and
head of a family to
acquire 160 acres of
public land by living
on it and cultivating
it for five years
Buffalo Soldiers
This is the
nickname given
to black soldiers
with the U.S.
Cavalry who
helped to spread
the U.S.
westward in the
decades following
the Civil War.
George Custer
U.S. Cavalry
General whose
unwise and
reckless conduct
got him and over
200 soldier of the
Seventh Cavalry
killed at the
Battle of Little Big
Horn
Ghost Dance
A Native American
movement in the
1890s that believed
a ritualistic
ceremony would
result in the
reanimation of
Indian dead and the
defeat of the white
invaders into the
West
Grangers
This was a group of
American farmers
who united in the
late 19th century to
lobby Congress to
pass laws protecting
them from unfair
business practices of
large industry.
U.S. History since 1865
Populist
This was the
movement that
advocated state
control of railroads
and currency
expansion.
Open Door Policy
This is a U.S.
foreign policy that
all countries should
have equal access
with China
Spanish American War
This was a conflict
in which the U.S.
gained many island
territories, especially
Puerto Rico and the
Philippines.
Yellow Journalism
This use of sensationalized news in
newspaper publishing to attract
readers, increase circulation and profits
was instrumental in the entry of the
United States into the Spanish American
War.
Rough Riders
This was a regiment
in the SpanishAmerican War
organized and led by
Theodore Roosevelt
that included
cowboys, miners,
policemen, and
college athletes.
Theodore Roosevelt
This was a 26th
President of the United
States; hero of the
Spanish-American War;
Panama canal was built
during his
administration; said
`Speak softly but carry
a big stick` (18581919). He was
considered by many to
be the nation's first
conservation President.
Roosevelt Corollary
This policy
reasserted the U.S.
position as protector
of the Western
Hemisphere.
Panama Canal
This connects the
Atlantic and Pacific
oceans through
Central America.
Dollar Diplomacy
These are
international
relations influenced
by economic
considerations.
Muckrakers
This group of authors
and journalists wrote of
horrible working
conditions in American
industry in the early
20th century, resulting
in more governmental
protection of workers.
Progressive Movement
This was a political
reform movement in
the late 19th and
early 20th centuries
to protect working
class citizens.
Square Deal
This was a
Roosevelt's plans to
help safeguard the
rights of workers.
Conservation Movement
This was an American
invention of John
Audubon and others
who wished to protect
natural habitat from
man in the 19th
century. They lobbied
consistently for parks
and human exclusion
from the wild.
Woodrow Wilson
28th President of
the United States;
led the United
States in World War
I and secured the
formation of the
League of Nations
(1856-1924).
New Freedom
This was Woodrow
Wilson's plan to
break up monopolies
and regulate
business.
Federal Reserve
This is the central
banking authority in
the United States,
which supervises
commercial banks
by monitoring
accounts and
controlling interest
rates.
Sixteenth Amendment
This amendment
made personal
income tax
permanent..
Income Tax
This is a tax levied
on net personal or
business income.
Seventeenth Amendment
This amendment
provided for the
direct election of
U.S. senators.
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment
gave women the
right to vote.
Women’s Suffrage
This was a
movement to give
females the right to
vote.
Isolationism
This is a policy of
nonparticipation in
international affairs.
Lusitania
The sinking of this
ship brought the
U.S. into WWI.
Zimmerman Note
Germany sent this
to Mexico instructing
an ambassador to
convince Mexico to
go to war with the
U.S.
Interventionism
This is a policy of
advocating
participation in
foreign countries
affairs.
Treaty of Versailles
This was an international agreement
signed in 1919 that ended WWI.
Because of the proposal of the League
of Nations, the United States Senate
never ratified the treaty.
Eighteenth Amendment
Amendment
prohibiting the sale
and manufacture of
alcohol
21st amendment
repealed this
amendment
Prohibition
Outlawing the sale
and manufacture of
alcohol
Written into the
constitution as the
18th amendment
Ended by passage of
21st amendment
Gangsterism
Brought about by
the passage of the
18th amendment
Organized crime led
by rival gangs
Al Capone was the
most famous
gangster of the
period
Red Scare
Period following
World War I
characterized by
widespread fear of
communist takeover
of the United States
A second Red Scare
occurred after World
War II
Sacco and Vanzetti
Occurred in 1920’s
during height of Red
Scare
Two Italian
immigrants were
found guilty of
murder
Victims of social and
political prejudice
Flappers
Nickname given to
women in the 1920’s
who wore short
dresses, short hair
and partied like men
Threw off traditions
of how women
should behave
Scopes Trial
Famous case of
1920’s
Came about
because of teaching
of evolution
Showed tension
between
traditionalists and
modernists
Charles Lindbergh
First man to fly solo
non-stop across the
Atlantic
Flight occurred in
1927 in plane
named “The Spirit of
St. Louis”
Became great hero
Harlem Renaissance
Period of artistic
activity in New
York’s Harlem
district
Langston Hughes,
Louis Armstrong and
others gained
national attention
Speculation
Making high risk
investments in the
hope of achieving
great gains
Many people
speculated by
buying stock in the
1920’s
Babe Ruth
Known as the “Sultan of
Swat”
Played for New York
Yankees
Held home run record
until 1974
Restored popularity to
baseball after scandal of
World Series of 1919
Great Depression
Period of economic
crisis lasting from
1929-1939
Worldwide in scope
Caused mainly by
overproduction of
the 1920’s
Dust Bowl
Term given to area
of Great Plains most
affected by Great
Drought of 1930’s
Many farmers of the
area were forced to
move to California,
as described in The
Grapes of Wrath
Bonus Army
Group of veterans
marched on
Washington, D.C. in
1932 demanding
bonuses for fighting
in World War I
Hoover sent in
troops, making him
seem very
unsympathetic
New Deal
Program for reviving
the economy during
the Great
Depression
Begun by Franklin
Roosevelt
Made up of the
three r’s – relief,
recovery, reform
WPA
Created as part of
the New Deal to
stimulate the
economy
Provided useful jobs
for unemployed
people to preserve
their self-respect
Social Security
This federal program which was part of
FDR’s New Deal was passed in 1935
and gave income support to people who
are unemployed, disabled, or over the
age of 65.
TVA
Created by Congress
as one of the major
public works
projects of the New
Deal
Built a system of
dams for
hydroelectricity in
the south
Totalitarianism
A centralized
government that
does not allow
opposing political
opinions
Has “total” control
over lives of citizens
Rise of
totalitarianism led to
World War II
Adolf Hitler
Totalitarian leader of
Germany during
World War II
His invasion of
Poland in 1939
began World War II
Allied with Italy and
Japan to form Axis
nations
Holocaust
Act of genocide
carried out by the
German government
against the Jews
under Hitler
Millions were
tortured and killed
Blitzkrieg
Rapid attack method
used by Germans in
World War II
Using this tactic,
Hitler was able to
take over many
countries very
quickly
Winston Churchill
British prime
minister during
World War II
Along with Franklin
Roosevelt and
Joseph Stalin, made
up the Allied leaders
Pearl Harbor
U.S. naval base in
Hawaii
Attacked by Japan
unexpectedly on
December 7, 1941
Caused U.S. to
declare war on
Japan
Allied Powers in World War II
Nations united in the
fight against
Germany, Italy, and
Japan in World War
II
Major Allied Powers
were Britain, the
Soviet Union, and
the U.S.
Axis Powers
Alliance of nations
that fought against
the Allied Powers in
World War II
Made up of
Germany, Italy, and
Japan
Normandy Invasion
Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion
of western Europe that began on June
6, 1944
Nüremburg War Trials
Nazi World War II criminals were tried
during these before an international
tribunal
United Nations
This is an international organization
created following World War II to
provide a way to negotiate disputes.
Marshall Plan
Following World War II, this called for
giving away billions of dollars in aid to
help rebuild war-torn Europe, with the
purpose of creating a viable trading
partner and post-war allies.
Cold War
This was a name given to the relations
between the U.S. & the Soviet Union in
the second half of the 20th century
which saw the buildup of nuclear arms.
Berlin Airlift
This was a delivery of supplies in a
German city to circumvent the Soviet
blockade
Truman Doctrine
This said that the United States would
aid any nation in resisting the growing
threat of communism and became the
guiding force of American foreign policy
during the Cold War.
NATO
This is an international organization
created by the U.S. and its allies in
1949 to prevent attacks by the Soviet
Union. ( North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation).
Warsaw Pact
This was a military alliance between the
Soviet Union and the countries of
Eastern Europe
McCarthyism
This was unscrupulously accusing
people of disloyalty to the United States
(as by saying they were Communists,
usually with sketchy or no evidence).
Korean War
This was a national conflict in an Asian
country aided by Russia in the North
and the U.S. in the South (1950-1953).
Douglas MacArthur
This was a United States general who
served as chief of staff and commanded
Allied forces in the South Pacific during
World War II; he accepted the
surrender of Japan (1880-1964).
Dwight Eisenhower
This was a United States general who
supervised the invasion of Normandy
and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th
President of the United States (18901961).
Brown v. Board of Education
This Supreme Court case, decided in
1954, declared that the segregation
doctrine of “separate but equal,” was
not Constitutional when applied to the
public school system.
NAACP
This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil
rights organization. Members of this
have referred to it as The National
Association. The letters stands for
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People.
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
This document was written by Martin
Luther King while incarcerated and laid
out the rationale for his peaceful civil
right’s campaign.
John F. Kennedy
The 35th President of the United
States, he was known for authorizing
the failed “Bay of Pigs” invasion,
successfully leading the country during
the “Cuban Missile Crisis,” and for
being assassinated while in Dallas,
Texas, in November of 1963.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Signed into law by President Johnson,
this bill protected African Americans and
women from job discrimination and any
discrimination in public places.
Great Society
This is the name given to President
Lyndon B. Johnson’s domestic
programs, among them VISTA, Job
Corps, Head Start, the “War on
Poverty,” and the Medicare and
Medicaid programs.
Malcolm X
Often associated with confrontational
Civil Rights protest, he was a leader in
the Nation of Islam in the United
States, an early advocate of “Black
Power,” but became a more moderate
voice in the Civil Rights movement
before his assassination in 1965
Feminist Movement
This is the movement aimed at equal
rights for women.
Environmentalism
This is an advocacy for or work toward
protecting nature from destruction or
pollution.
Pacifists
These are people opposed to violence
to attain end goals.
NAFTA
agreement signed in 1993 to reduce
tariffs between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico
sun belt
This is the term given to states in the
southern and warmer parts of the
country that saw a tremendous increase
in population and industry in the years
following World War II.
Civic/Citizenship
The following terms cover the basics of
the structure and function of
government, the role of the citizen,
legal rights and responsibilities, and
Constitutional amendments.
SOVEREIGNTY
This is the absolute
power of a
government within
its own territory.
FEDERALISM
This system of
government has
powers divided
between the central
government and
regional
governments, with
central government
being supreme.
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
STATE GOVERNMENTS
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
LIMITED GOVERNMENT
This is a ruling body that
is not all powerful, but is
restricted in what it may
do by certain rights
guaranteed to the
people which may not be
abolished or taken away
from the people.
CHECKS AND BALANCES
This is the system of
overlapping powers
among legislative,
executive, and judicial
branches to allow each
branch to oversee the
actions of the others.
The presidents veto
power is an example of
checks and balances.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
This is the belief
that the ultimate
power of the
government rests on
the will of the
people themselves.
SEPARATION OF POWERS
This is the policy
that the law making,
executive, and
judicial powers be
held by different
groups and people.
LEGISLATIVE
GOVERNMENT
JUDICIAL
EXECUTIVE
DUE PROCESS
This is a policy that
the government’s
actions towards its
citizens must follow
established rules
and procedures.
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
This is a system of
government in
which the people
participate directly in
making all public
policy.
REPUBLIC
This is a form of
government run by
elected officials.
PEOPLE
ELECT
OFFICIALS
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
RUN THE
GOVERNMENT
PEOPLE
DECIDE
IF THEY LIKE
THE WAY THINGS
ARE BEING RUN
EXCLUSIVE POWERS
These are powers
that can only be
executed by the
federal government.
DELEGATED POWERS
Powers specifically
given to the
government by the
Constitution. They
are also called the
Enumerated Powers.
CONCURRENT POWERS
Powers that are held
by both the federal
and state
governments.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
STATE GOVERNMENT
RESERVED POWERS
These are powers
that are held for the
states to execute,
not for the federal
government.
ELASTIC CLAUSE
This is a statement
in the Constitution
granting Congress
the power to pass
all laws necessary
and proper for
carrying out the
enumerated list of
powers.
POLICE POWERS
These are powers of
a government to
promote safety,
public health, and
welfare of its
citizens.
IMPLIED POWERS
Powers that are not
expressed but that
the government may
be inferred to have
from another power.
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
Legislative – makes
laws
Executive – carries
out or executes the
laws
Judicial – interprets
what the law means
LEGISLATIVE
EXECUTIVE
JUDICIAL
JURISDICTION
This is the authority
of a court to hear a
case.
ORIGINAL
APPELLATE
CONCURRENT
JUDICIAL REVIEW
This is the power of
a court to review a
law or an official act
of a government
employee or agent
for constitutionality
or for the violation
of basic principles of
justice.
ELECTIONS
Primary election-an
election in which the
political parties choose
their candidates to run
for office.
General election-this is
an election in which the
people choose from
among the candidates
nominated by the
various political parties.
RECALL
This is the process
the people use to
remove an elected
official from office.
POLL TAX
This payment was
meant to keep
certain groups of
people (mainly
former slaves and
African-Americans)
from being allowed
to vote.
LOBBYING
These are actions of
an interest group or
agents to influence
the policy of the
government.
ALIEN
This is a person who
is not a citizen of
the state or country
in which they reside.
NATURALIZATION
This is the process
by which one
becomes a citizen of
a country if that
person was not born
in that country or
their parents were
not citizens of that
country.
AMENDMENT PROCESS
This is a method by
which the Constitution
may be changed or
added to.
17th Direct Election of
Senators
18th Prohibition of
Alcohol
19th Women’s Voting
Rights
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
BILL OF RIGHTS
First
Freedom of speech,
assembly, religion, the press
and to petition the
government
Second
The right to bear arms
Third
No quartering of troops in
homes except in time of war
Fourth
No search without a warrant
Fifth
Due process and protection
of property
Sixth
Trial by jury
Seventh
Jury trial in civil cases
Eighth
No cruel and unusual
punishment
Ninth
Rights not specifically
mentioned in the
constitution should not be
assumed not to exist
Tenth
Rights of the states
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
11th
Sovereign immunity
12th
Electoral college reform
13th
Slavery abolished
14th
Equal protection under law
and due process of law
15th
Right to vote shall not be
abridged because of color or
previous servitude
16th
Income Tax
17th
Election of senators
18th
Prohibition
19th
Women's suffrage
20th
Terms of office for president
and Congress
Map and Globe Skills
GEOGRAPHY
This is the study of
the earth, the
people on it, and the
relationships
between them
ABSOLUTE LOCATION
This is the exact
location of a place
on the earth’s
surface. It is given
in terms of latitude
and longitude.
GRID
This is a pattern of
regular sections
identified by
numbers and letters
to help locate
objects on a map.
LATITUDE or PARALLEL
These are lines on a
map that tell
distance north or
south of the
Equator. They are
horizontal on most
maps and globes
EQUATOR
This is zero degrees
latitude and
separates the Earth
into the Northern
and Southern
Hemispheres.
NORTH POLE
This is 90 degrees
North latitude.
LONGITUDE OR MERIDIAN
These are lines on a
map or globe that
tell distance east or
west of the prime
meridian.
PRIME MERIDIAN
This is zero degrees
longitude.
HEMISPHERE
This is one half of
the earth.
GLOBE
This is the most
accurate model of
the earth.
PROJECTION
This is a technique
of showing the
round earth on a flat
piece of paper.
PHYSICAL MAP
This is a type of
map that shows
things like rivers,
mountains, relief
and elevation.
POLITICAL MAP
This is a type of
map which shows
man-made features
like cities and
national boundaries.
POPULATION DENSITY MAP
This is a type of
map which shows
the average number
of people living in a
certain area.
CONTOUR MAP
This is a kind of map
that uses lines
connecting areas of
equal elevation.
RELIEF
This is the difference
between the highest
and lowest points of
land in an area.
ELEVATION
This is the height
above or below
elevation.
SEA LEVEL
This is the base
height used for
measuring elevation.
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS/COMPASS ROSE
This is North, South,
East, and West.
A compass rose is a
map tool indicating
the four cardinal
directions
LEGEND
This is the map tool
that explains the
meaning of the
map’s symbols.
SCALE
This indicates the
relationship between
distance on a map
and the actual
distance on Earth.
CONTINENTS
These are the seven
large land masses
on the Earth.
ISTHMUS
This is a narrow
strip of land
connecting two
larger masses of
land.
ARCHIPELAGO
This is a string of
islands.
BAY
This is a body of
water partially
enclosed by land but
with a wide mouth,
affording access to
the sea.
GULF
This is a large area
of a sea or ocean
partially enclosed by
land, especially a
long landlocked
portion of sea
opening through a
strait.
CANAL
This is an artificial
waterway or
artificially improved
river used for travel,
shipping or
irrigation.
STRAIT
This is a narrow
channel joining two
larger bodies of
water.
CLIMATE
These are the
general weather
conditions of an
area over a long
period of time.
TEMPERATE ZONE
This is the part of
the earth which lies
between either
tropic and the
corresponding polar
circle.
TROPICS
This is either of two
parallels of latitude on
the earth, one is 23 ½
degrees north of the
equator and the other is
23 ½ degrees south of
the equator. They are
called the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic
of Capricorn.
DESERT
This is a dry, often
sandy region of little
rainfall, extreme
temperatures, and
sparse vegetation.
ARID
This is a climate that
has insufficient
rainfall to support
trees or woody
plants.
DYNASTY
This is a ruling
family whose
members govern
one after another
over a long period of
time.
EMPIRE
This is a group of
countries under a
single authority.
REGION
This is an area with
common
characteristics on a
globe or map.
TIME ZONES
This is any of the 24
regions of the globe
throughout which
the same standard
time is used.
Information Processing Skills
This portion of the GHSGT will require you to perform the
following skills:
1. IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA
2. LOCATE INFORMATION
3. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION
4. INTERPRET GRAPHIC AIDS
5. COMPUTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIME ZONES
6. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SOURCES
7. ANALYZE VIEWPOINTS
8. IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
Knowledge of the following terms will help you perform these
skills.
VIRGINIA STATUTE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
This was written by
Thomas Jefferson in
1786. It guarantees
the freedom of
religion. Freedom of
religion is one of the
basic freedoms
found in the 1st
amendment to the
Constitution.
KING’S LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL
This was written in
1963 to defend the
author’s peaceful
civil rights campaign.
Remember that Dr.
King was influenced
by Gandhi.
ARTIFACT
This is any object
manufactured, used
or modified by
humans.
AUTHENTICITY
This is the ability to
ensure that the
given information
was in fact produced
by the entity whose
name it carries and
that it was not
forged or modified.
BIAS
This is the
interpretation of
historical events
with opinion.
CREDIBILITY
This is the quality of
being plausible,
believable,
dependable, or
worthy of
confidence.
DIARY
This is a daily
written record of
(usually personal)
experiences and
observations.
FLOW CHART
This is the graphical
representation of a
sequence of
operations using
symbols to
represent the
operations.
HISTORICAL DATA
These are any items
that provide
information from
past events.
JOURNAL
This is a ledger in
which transactions
or events have been
recorded as they
occurred.
LETTER
This is a written
message addressed
to a person or
organization.
PARALLEL TIMELINES
These are two or
more timelines used
to compare
developments in
different areas in the
same time frame.
PRIMARY SOURCE
These are original
manuscripts,
records, or
documents
produced at the
time an event
occurred.
SECONDARY SOURCE
These are works
that are not original
manuscripts or
contemporary
records, but they do
critique, comment
on, or build upon
primary sources.
TIMELINES
This is a
visualization of a
sequence of events
showing their
chronological
relationship.