Linguistics Presentation
Colombia and Peru
James Beaver, Mark Harwood, Michelle Clay, Richard Tarrega, Sara
Ramiro Vizcarrondo, Michael Purton
16/03/2009
A Brief Summary of the Arrival of the Spanish
Conquistadores
-Indigenous tribes – Muisca, Tarrona
- Spanish arrived 1499
- 1536 – New Kingdom of Granada
- 1549 – Spanish Colony, Santa Fe de Bogota established as capital.
- 1819-1831 – Gran Colombia
- Whole towns disappared, losing langauges with it.
- Indians and slaves used to work in mines and on haciendas
Languages of Colombia
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Descendents of original native inhabitants, Spanish Colonists, African Slaves, 20th C. immigrants
from Europe and Middle East
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Ethnologue database –
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Largest Indigenous Languages – Quechuismos – Cancha, Chunce, Napa, Topo
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2nd largest – Muisquismos – Alpayaca, Changua, Cubio
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500,000 speakers of Indigenous Languages.
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43,000,000 speakers of Spanish
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Living Languages – Chimilia – 2000 (1993)
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Guayabero – 1,237 (1993)
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Paez – 35-41,000 monolinguals
101 languages, 80 living
Present-day Language Initiatives
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Caro y Cuervo Institute in Bogota
Educative Centre specialised in Spanish literature, phonology and
Linguistics
Miguel Antonio Caro and Rufino Jose Cuervo
Created in 1942 on orders of Colombian Government in 1942
First creation – Dictionary of Spanish Language Regimen
Yearly re-edited; recognized and used throughout Latin America and Spain.
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Centro Colombiano de Estudios de Lenguas Aborígenes (CCELA)
Since 1987 – Universidad de los Andes
Colombian Spanish Phonology
• Colombia is one of the most studied
countries with regards to its dialectology in
Latin America
• The Spanish of Bogotá is considered to be
among the purest Spanish in Latin
America.
• The 2 main distinguishing terms in
Colombia are Cachacos and Costeño.
• Colombia like many other L.A. countries
practices seseo and yeísmo
LAS TIERRAS ALTAS
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final /s/ of the syllable or the word is maintained as a
sibilant /s/
To the west of Bogotá an apical-alveolar /ś/ is used.
the /s/ is sometimes aspirated in initial and intervocalic
position e.g. nosotros as nojostros.
The dissimilation in words which contain a succession
of s’s , one of the s’s generally the first is realized as an
aspirated /h/, necesario [nehesario]
Initial prevocalic /s/ is often aspirated in constructions
such as una señora which becomes [unahenora]
The [x] jota is weakened in central Colombia to an
aspirated [h].
final /n/ is usually alveolar like that of Spanish
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/rr/ is usually a weak sonorant, although you can
sometimes hear a relaxed fricative pronunciation due to
Quechan influence.
Final /r/ is a weak fricative and it’s not rare to be
pronounced as a silenced sibilant at the end of the word.
The pronunciation /tr/ does not have one single
pronunciation anywhere in central Colombia. It is
pronounced as an affricate – e.g. tres [tres], in Colombian
Spanish is almost a /ʧ/ ‘ch’ sound.
the /ʎ/ is pronounced as /y/. For example poyo – pollo.
The intervocalic voiced obstruents are fairly weak and
the g generally dropped in the word Bogotá/bogotano. The
loss of b and d is also common.
post-consonantal voiced obtruents are normally
pronounced as occlusives.
sometimes voiced occlusives are aspirated
La Costa Caribeña
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final /s/ is normally aspirated
final n is realised as a velar n /ɳ/ and sometimes the
elision of the nasal and the nasalisation of the final
vowel.
The jota [x] is a weak aspiration and can be lost in
intervocalic position e.g. mujer – muer.
Intervocalic d is often lost. Comprado/ comprao
intervocalic d was made occlusive, then reduced to
an /r/ when speaking fast due to a substratum
influence from Spanish speaking Africans. Maruro for
maduro, moro – modo. However the reverse can also
happen where r>d such as Mosqueda – mosquera.
Siendo probe alimales lo palomos
a la gente a sé gente noj enseñan
e su conducta la mejó cactilla
hay en sus moros efertiva cencia
nacen los ros sobre la mimas pajas
y allí se etán hata en repué que vuelan
maj asina chiquitos, entre er nío
se rán caló, entre juntos, y se besan
• final /r/ often lost with infinitives e.g. hacé
• -consonantal liquids tend to be neutralised, r is generally
more affected than l – such as pielna, calne, parma.
La costa del Pacifíco
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final /s/ is either lost or aspirated
Most of la costa del Pacífico above all el chocó
pronounce the intervocalic as an r
y/ is a strong approximant which sometimes has an
affricate quality when at the beginning of the word
At the vernacular level final liquids are reduced when
in the final syllable, it is often heard as a non-lateral
approximant. The final r usually disappears especially
with infinitives.
Some cases of glottal occlusions on the west coast of
Colombia resulting in glottalisation of final prevocalic
S. The intervocalic k is also affected as in [bo?adiyo].
In the coastal areas there is also a tendency to
maintain the old Spanish ‘h’ – mojoso for mohoso, jacé
for hacer and the pronunciation of some vowel
combinations in hiatus e.g. cause = cause, caucho =
caúcho
la región amazónica
• The final /s/ is usually realised as a sibilant
/s/. Occassionally it disappears especially
if morphologically redundant such as in
‘los muchachos’
• final /n/ sometimes has a velar quality /ɳ/
• intervocalic voiced obstruents are
sometimes occlusive
• /ʎ/ is not present in this variety and the /y/
is realised as a weak fricative
Morphology
• The simple future tense has been replaced with the ‘ir a...’
construction or with the verb pensar: ‘pienso ir a Año Nuevo.’
• The use of the future tense to convey doubt or probability:
‘Quién sabe cuanto pidira’.
• The Spanish spoken in Colombia continues to distinguish
between the preterite and the perfect and uses them in the
correct circumstances: ‘Todavía no ha venido’ and ‘Vino ayer
tarde’.
• Acaso has changed in its use from an adverb of doubt to an
adverb of negation: ‘Acaso vino nada’ instead of saying ‘no
vino’ or ‘al final no vino’.
• The plural endings of certain nouns are suppressed in words
such as ‘tijeras’ which becomes ‘tijera’ or ‘pantalones’
becomes ‘pantalón’.
• Tú is used as an impersonal form, so where in Spain they use
the impersonal ‘se’, in Colombia the ‘tú’ form of the verb is
used.
Morphology
• Highland Colombians from central regions prefer ‘usted’ and
use it in a wide range of contexts – to wives and husbands,
children and close friends. The Caribbean coast of Colombia
uses ‘tú’ exclusively, while along the Pacific coast usage
varies between both vos and ‘tú’.
• The verb forms accompanying ‘vos’ are usually –ás, -és and
ís.
• In temporal expressions, the verb ‘hacer’ becomes pluralised:
‘Hacen diez años’.
• The use of the third person ‘ha’ from ‘haber’ is common with
the first person pronoun: ‘yo ha ido’ and ‘yo ha comido
bastante’.
• Colombian Spanish gives special preference to the diminutive
‘–ico’, predominately after nouns and adjectives whose final
consonant is /t/ or /d/: ‘momentico’ – just a moment and
‘ratico’ – little while.
Syntax
• The pronoun ‘aquel’, ‘aquella’ are used for emphasis:
‘Se para esa mujer con aquella ira’.
• In all areas of Colombia they use ‘donde’ instead of ‘a’:
‘los enfermos van a donde el medico’, whereas in
standard Spanish it would be: ‘los enfermos van al
medico’.
• The use of the preposition ‘de’ with verbs that do not
require it: ‘Le importa poco de hablar’ and ‘no le
interesa de saberlo’.
• Instead of the ‘si + conditional’ structure, they use
‘como’
• Exclamations: ‘¡Anda!’
‘Que vá’
Syntax
• Repetition of adverbs: ‘Ese ya lo apunté ya’, also
found with double negation ‘no hablo inglés no’,
and there is no pause or intonational break before
the second ‘no’.
• Common in much of Colombia is the use of the
‘intensive ser’: ‘lo hice fue en el verano’ – I did it in
the summer, and ‘teníamos era que trabajar
mucho’ – we really had to work hard’. This is also
found in Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama.
• Colombians frequently introduce a subject
pronoun into infinitive constructions: ‘antes de yo
salir de mi país’ – before I left my country, and
‘para él sacar mejores notas’ – for him to get
better grades.
Peru
A Brief History of Peru
• Pre-Columbian history dominated by the
Incas.
• Empire spread from southern Colombia to
central Chile and northwest Argentina.
• Empire governed from Cuzco.
• 1532 – Pizarro invaded.
A Brief History of Peru
• Lima founded in 1535.
• Spanish realised that there was an
abundance of minerals.
• The best of Spain’s resources and
personnel were dedicated to Peru.
• Unbalanced socio-economic and linguistic
environment.
• Declared Independence in 1821
Linguistic History
• Quechua was the main indigenous
language followed by Aymara.
• Spanish rarely left Lima.
• Outside of cities most people used
indigenous languages.
• Other influences came from African Slaves
and Chinese labour.
Linguistic Regions
• Lipski – Costal, highland and Amazon
Basin dialects.
• Murrieta – Northern coast,
central/southern coast, extreme southern
highland/costal region and mountain
highlands.
• Escobar – Andes and lowland/non-Andean
Spanish.
A Few Statistics
• Ethnic Groups - Amerindian 45%, mestizo
(mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other
3%
• Spanish and Quechua are both official
languages.
• 87.7% of the population are literate.
FONETICA VS FONOLOGIA
La fonética estudia los sonidos lingüísticos tal como los humanos los
producen y perciben.
1. La producción de dichos sonidos = fonética articulatoria
2. La percepción de dichos sonidos = fonética acústica
La fonología estudia la producción fonética, no ya desde un punto de
vista material, como lo hace la fonética, sino desde un punto de vista
semántico. La fonología analiza, pues, las incidencias de significado
que pueden presentar los datos fonéticos.
Ejemplo : una pesa vs. una mesa
DIALECTOS DEL ESPAÑOL DE PERU
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Español andino: Es el más empleado, sobre todo en toda la sierra (más
marcado en el ámbito rural) y tiene muchas similitudes con el habla
”estándar” de Ecuador y Bolivia.
Español peruano ribereño o limeño: se le considera como el habla más
castiza. pese a ser hablado propiamante por una minoría, la base del
español peruano “normativo”.
Español andino-ribereño o neolimeño: es el habla con el que más se
identifica a los peruanos.
Español amazónico: Se desarrolló especialmente al contacto del español
andino y limeño con las lenguas amazónicas sin que éstas sin embargo
hayan influido mucho. Posee una distintiva estructura tonal.
CARACTERISTICAS FONETICAS DE CADA DIALECTO
Español andino:
Asibilamiento de /rr/ y /r/
Aparente confusión entre las vocales /e/ y /o/ con la /i/ y la /u/,
respectivamente
Español peruano ribereño o limeño:
Las vocales se pronuncian todas claras y con la misma duración.
La /rr/ y /r/ en todo contexto se pronuncian claras, sin fricativizar.
La “s” es predorsal y se aspira (a veces transforma en fricativa velar
sorda) ante consonante (no en final de palabra como en Chile o
Andalucía
La /d/ final se convierte en /t/ o se elide.
Español amazónico:
La sibilante /s/ resiste a la aspiración
Hay confusión de “j” (aspirada en situación interior) con f (siempre
bilabial).
Ej “San Fan”, San Juan
Los fonemas /p/ /t/ y /k/ se realizan con una aspiración
Peruvian Spanish: Syntax
• A past tense may be followed by a subjunctive in the present:
-eg, El quería que lo hagamos
• Object + Verb word order is found among the least fluent speakers
in the Andean region, which has its origin in Quechua and Aymara:
-eg, Comida tengo
• Clitic Usage in Andean Spanish of Peru - the most common usage is
the doubling of direct object clitics:
-eg, No lo encuentro a su hijo
• This clitic doubling often gives rise to constructions in which more
than one clitic is present:
-Me está castigandome
Peruvian Spanish: Syntax
• BUT, clitic doubling does not occur when the direct object has been
fronted:
-eg, Mi letra [la] conoce
• Null direct objects (aka “object drop) are frequent in highland Peru,
but not coastal dialects:
-eg, A veces en la noche dejo su comida ya preparada en la
mañana Ø caliento y Ø toman
• In the Andean region, double possessives exist:
-eg, Lava su pantalón del niño
• A common construction among less fluent bilinguals is the use of
diciendo or dice, perhaps as a translation of Quechua nispa:
-eg, Entonces sale una señora. Qué cosa, diciendo…hazme
descansar diciendo
Peruvian Spanish: Syntax
• Quechua-Spanish often omits articles where they are required in
monolingual Spanish:
-eg, Y cuando tocan [la] campaña, se entran a su clase
• Bilingual Quechua-Spanish speakers often use en to locate
adverbs:
-eg, Vivo en acá
• Common usage of present perfect instead of the preterite, even with
events quite clearly finished in the past:
-eg, He nacido en 1950
• Among Spanish-recessive bilinguals, the pluperfect indicative is
used to express events not personally witnessed by the speaker:
-eg, Habías llegado anoche  [It seems that] you arrived last
night
Peruvian Spanish: Morphology
• The existence of voseo:
-Educated Peruvians from urban areas may never hear vos,
and often deny its existence
-Nevertheless, pockets of vos remain, especially among
indigenous speakers
-vos is limited to the southern highlands, the Antiplano area,
parts of Arequipa and areas of the northern coast, always at the
lowest sociolinguistic levels.
-Among the indigenous population, -ís prevail for the second
conjugation, while along the coast, forms in –és exist.
• Among bilingual speakers, it is frequent for direct objects lo and la to
be used where an indirect object is called for:
-eg, El los [les] dio algunas instrucciones
Peruvian Spanish: Morphology
• In bilingual Andean Spanish, lo is used generically for both direct
and indirect objects:
-eg, No lo [los] vi a sus hermanitos
-eg, A María nosoros lo [la] adoramos
• At the same levels of Spanish-recessive bilingalism, lack of subjectverb agreement is also noticeable:
-eg, Los informes fueron excelente [excelentes]
• In the Andean highlands, a combination of the intensifying adverb
muy and the adjectival superlative suffix –ísimo is found:
-eg, El niño juega muy poquísimo  The child plays very little
Bibliography
-Henao, Jesús María – History of Colombia. New York;
Greenwood Press, 1938
- Lapesa, Rafael - Historia de la lengua española. Madrid,
1986.- Lipski, John M. – Latin American Spanish. London;
Longman, 1994.
- Palacios, Marco – Between Legitimacy and Violence: A
History of Colombia. Durham and London; Duke University
Press, 2006
Websites
http://www.infor.uva.es/~descuder/proyectos/boca/datos/fon.htm
http://academiaperuanadelalengua.org/simposio2008/caracterizacion
-fonetica
http://www.lenguasdecolombia.gov.co/index.php?option=com_conten
t&view=article&id=18&Itemid=70
www.ethnologue.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCO9vdMrOnU