
About 9,000 species of birds are in the class
Aves.
 Bird classification is based on beak and foot
types, and some habitats and behaviors.
Birds of prey have notched beaks and sharp
talons.
Shorebirds have long slender bills and long
legs.
Waterfowl have webbed toes and broad bills.
 The only modern (extant) animals to have feathers.
 Feathers are composed of keratin, and occur as two types.
1. Contour feathers overlap to produce a broad, flat
lifting surface.
2. Down feathers provide excellent insulation
against
loss of body heat.
 Birds are homeothermic; they have ability to maintain a constant,
relatively high body temperature.
 Homeothermy enables an animal to be continuously active in cold
weather.
 Feathers serve for insulation and for flight.
.
.
 Keeled breastbone anchors muscles used in
flight.
Respiratory air sacs are extensive to gain
maximum oxygen for flight, using a one-way
flow of air,
Air sacs maximize gas exchange and
oxygenation of blood.
The wishbone (clavicle and ribs are fused
together) stabilizes the shoulder joint and
prevent collapse of shoulder during
flight
6 Characteristics of Birds
Endothermic (warm blooded)
Vertebrates (Hollow Bones!)
4 Chamber Heart
All Have Feathers
All Lay Eggs
Have Scales on Feet and Legs
Aves
 Their
nearly hollow bones (
honey combed) provide
lightweight strength.

Birds possess a fourchambered heart; a doubleloop circulatory system
separates oxygenated blood
Birds
Characteristics:
 Have
feathers
 Lay eggs
 Have bodies specially adapted for
flight
 Have a beak rather than teeth
 Very acute vision and excellent muscle
reflexes
Types of Feathers
• Contour: A large feather/gives
shape to birds body
• Down: Short fluffy/traps heat
keeps the
bird warm
How do birds fly?
• The top has less “air pressure” and this produces
an UPWARD force
• (This is called lift!)
The Science of Bird Flight
Birds who do NOT fly!
• Penguins
• Ostriches
• Emus
There are more fake flamingos in the world than
real flamingos.
Characteristics:
 Have
teeth differentiation
 Have hair
 Are warm blooded (endothermic)
 Have a single jaw bone
 Have inner ear bones
 Produce milk for their young



Are Dioecious
Most are viviparous ( bear living young and
nourished by mother)
Some are oviparous: lay eggs that develop
outside mom
 Mammals
have larger brains and seem t
o be the most capable learners.
 Have
a 4 chambered heart and a
double-loop circulatory system

Mammalian mothers nourish
their babies with milk (mammary
glands)
About 4,500 species of mammals belong to class
Mammalia
 The 3 major groups of extant Mammals are:
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental mammals

Mammals That Lay Eggs
Examples include the duckbill
platapus and spiney anteater

Every evolutionists worst nightmare – impossible to explain!




Mammals That Have Pouches
Marsupials begin development inside the
mother's body but are then born in a very
immature state.
Newborns crawl up into a pouch on their
mother's abdomen.
Inside a pouch they attach to nipples of
mother's mammary glands and develop
Opossum:
American
Marsupial


The Kangaroo, which is a non-placental
mammal.
Here, the development of the young is
very complex, and a baby kangaroo is born
very “uncooked”, and must crawl into the
mother’s pouch and latch onto a nipple to
receive milk to continue development.
–
Kangaroo Birth
17 Weeks




Mammals That Have Placentas
Placenta supplies nutrients to and removes
wastes from blood of developing offspring
Placenta enables young to be born in a
relatively advanced stage of development
Young have long period of dependency on
parents after birth
The Placenta is Key
based on mode of locomotion and method of
obtaining food.
Order Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, tapirs, and
rhinoceroses) odd toed ungulates
II. Order Artiodactyla (pigs, cattle, deer, buffaloes,
giraffes) even toed ungulates
III. Order Carnivora (Meat eaters, tigers, wolves, etc.)
IV. Order Primates (lemurs, monkeys, apes, man)
V. Order Cetacea (dolphins, whales)
VI. Order Chiroptera (bats)
VII. Order Rodentia (rats, mice, squirrels, beavers,
porcupines)
VIII.Order Proboscidea (elephants, mammoths)
IX. Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)
X. Order Xenarthran ( sloth, anteaters, armadillos)
I.
Baby Giraffe
Six Feet Tall
Hippo milk is pink
 270 species are in order Carnivora.
a. Meat-eaters including the dogs, cats,
raccoons, bears & skunks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63Ch2pNkZwU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eTL9LoF2FE
contains 180 species of lemurs, monkeys,
gibbons, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.

includes about 80 species of whales and dolphins.
The heart of a blue whale is so big, a human can
swim through the arteries.
contains 925 species of nocturnal bats.
Don’t forget that bats use
sonar to fly in total darkness!
• Then remember that no
mutation ever produces new
genetic information.
• Therefore, bats must have
been created from the
beginning with the ability to fly.
mice, rats, squirrels, beavers, and porcupines).
This is largest order with 1,760 species.
 . Only two extant species are in
order Proboscidea: the
elephants and mamoths.
 Upper lip and nose are
elongated and muscularized
forming a prehensile trunk.
 They are herbivores and are
largest living land mammals.
65 species of rabbits, hares, and pikas.
Their hind legs are longer than their front legs

Most of the mammals in this order have simple teeth
without enamel, and a few have no teeth at all.
. Armadillos nearly always give birth to identical
quadruplets.
In biology:
Hybrid (biology), the
offspring resulting from
cross-breeding of
different plants or
animals.